i:-'v'^ -^ «:3i5: 3- a > ^^; aft) o»j.> 3»iR>ix> S^ilrrarg of i\t Suseunx OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, 1 AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. JFountie^ fin prfbate sufiscrfjitfon, fn 1861. ^- /^ / ^/v?^ ^,.(^A-My^ (V^?\.4J^CJUyi,J^ , No. ^/ ^/' BULLETIN ESSEX INSTITUTE, voi:.u]>^e; iv 1872. SALEM, MASS.: PRINTED AT THE SALEM PRESS, 1873. CONTENTS. Pag . Regular Meeting, Monday, January 1, 1 Puritan Holy Days, by A. C. Goodcll, Jr., 2. Injurious Insects in Essex County, by Dr. A. S. Packard, 5. F. W. Putnam's Remarks on the Caterpillars and Pupre of the Cabbage Buttei-fly, 9. Letters Announced, 19, 23, 27, 46, 49, 56, 61, 75, 83, 103, 132, 151, 160, 1G5, 177, 178 Additions to Library, 9, 11, 19, 24, 27, 46, 49, 56, 61, 76, 83, 103, 131, 152, 158, 161, 166, 177, 179 Additions to Cabinet, 85, 178 Additions to Historical Department, 104 Deficiencies in Library, 12 Publications of Institute, 14 Regular Jleetlng, Monday, January 15 10 A Trip to California by Rail, by J. J. H. Gregory, Esq., of Marble- head, 10, 17. Regular Meeting, Monday, February 5, 17 Florida Indians, by M. R. Kimball, 18. Regular Meeting, Monday, February 19, 20 Passion Play at Ober-Ammergau, by J. P. Putnam, 20. Regular Meeting, Monday, March 4, 25 The Old Carved Chair, by E. "W. Farley, of Newcastle. Me., 25. A Relic of "Ye Olden Times"— Stone Mill— D. L. D. Balch, 2(i. The Closing Histoiy of the Brancli or Howard St. Church in Salem, by Rev. C. C. Beaman, 2(J. Communication from Nehemiah Cleveland, of Westport, Conn., 27. Meteorology of Mount Washington, by S. A. Nelson, 20, 41. Regular Meeting, Monday March 18, 41 Essex County Spiders, by J. H. Emerton, 47. Regular Meeting, Monday, April 1, 48 Communication from James Kimball, 50. Communication from Com- modore B. F. Sands, of the U. S. Naval Observatory, 55. Regular Meeting, Monday, April 15, 57 On the Transit of Venus, 57. Ancient Topography of Salem, by James Kimball, 5D. Regular Meeting, Monday, May 6, . , ... . . 61 Ancestry of Susannah lugersoll; The Fairfax and the Hathorne House, by the President, 62. The Rattle of the Rattlesnake, by F. .W. Putnam, 65. (iii) IV CONTENTS. Annual Meeting, Wednesday, May 8, 66 Retrospect for the Year, 66. Officers elected, 74. Kegular Meeting, Monday, May 20, . . . . . . 75 Native Plants, by J. Robinson, 76. Remarks of G. D. Phippen, 78; of E. C. Bolles on the Houstonia, 78; of J. H. Emerton, 78. A Visit to Jeffries Neck, by F. W. Putnam, 79. Kegular Meeting, Monday, June 3, 81 Field Meeting at Middleton, Wednesday, June 12, . . . 81 Account of the Ramble, 82; First Field Meetings; Dr. W. Stimpson, by the President, 85. Resolutions on the Death of Dr. Wm. Stimp- son, 88. Early Meetings of the Society, by S. P. Fowler, of Danvers, 89. Historical Notices of Middleton, by David Styles, of Middleton, 90. Indian Relic, by D. J. Tapley of Danvers. 92. F. W. Putnam's Remarks, 93. Spidei-s at Middleton, by .James H. Emerton, 94. Microscopic Fungi, by Rev. E. C. Bolles, 95. Report of the Com- mittee on Lectures, 96. Vote of thanks passed, 97. Field Meeting at Groveland, Tuesday, July IG, . . . . 97 The New Iron Bridge, 98. Historical Notices, 100. E. S. Morse's Re- marks, 107. Merrimack Academy, by Dr. J. Spofford, 108. Remarks by J. H. Emerton, A. S. Phipps, S. C. Beane, E. C. Bolles, La Roy r. Griffin, Mr. Goldsmith and C. H. Webber, 114-116. Vote of thanks passed. 116. The First White Hamburg, and the First Mus- cat of Alexandria Grape-vine imported into the United States, by Jones Very, 117. Field Meeting at Annisquam, Thursday, August 8, . . .118 Remarks of the President, 121. Indian Shell Heaps, and Egg Case of the Skate, by F. W. Putnam, 123. Historical Notices of the Third Parish at Annisquam, by Rev. E. W. Coffin, of Orange, Mass., 124. Remarks of Allen W. Dodge, L. J. Livermore and James Davis, 128. Historical Sketch of Annisquam, by J. J. Babson, 128. Remarks of C. E. Barnes and Dr. A. Davis, 130. Communications from Thomas Spencer, of Bransby, near Lincoln and E. W. Farley, of New Castle, Me., 132. Remarks of R. Knowland. 134. Catalogue of the Mammals of Florida, with Notes on their Habits, Distribution, etc., by C. J. Mayuard, 135-150. Quarterly Meeting, Wednesday, August 14, .... 150 Eegular Meeting, Monday, October 21, 150 Explorations of St. George's Bank, by Dr. Packard, 153. Ancient In- dian Carving, by F. W. Putnam, 156. Regular Meeting, Monday, November 4, 160 Origin of Surnames, by Geo. H. Devereux, 162. Regular Meeting, Monday, November 18, .... 165 Communication by the President, 166. Remarks of F. W. Putnam, 168. Regular Meeting, Monday, December 9, 169 Ferneries, ILpw to make tlicm, and what to put in tliem, by J. Robin- eon, 169. Regular Meeting, Monday, December 23, 178 Communications from P. A. Hauaford and Nchcmiuh Cleavclaud, 179. B U L I. E T I N ESSEX insrSTITTJTE]. Vol. 4. Salem, Mass., January, 1872. No. 1. One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. Regular Meeting, Monday, January 1st, 1872. The President ill the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. The President mentioned a few of the associations that chister around this day ; a day when the mind naturally reverts to the past, recalls the incidents of the year now closed, and indulges in reveries upon their probable influ- ence in the distant future. Xo one can foretell the re- sults ; some of the most seemingly important will soon pass away and be forgotten, whereas the most ai)par- rently trivial, scarcely known beyond the threshold of the humble cot of the occurrence, will, as years roll on, be- come the centre of great interest and attraction, as the birthplace and home of some of nature's noblemen. He brieliy alluded to the holidays that occur near the close of the old and the beginning of the new year, and called upon Mr. A. C. Goodell, Jr., who spoke of the esti- mation in which these days were held in the early period Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 1 of our colonial history, and the great change in the mode of observance within the past few years. PURITAN HOLY DAYS. Our forefathers, the Puritans, observed but three classes of holy days ; namely. Sabbaths, Fasts and Thanks- givings. In the observance of the lirst they diflered from the Catholic church and from most of the Reformed churches by devoting them exclusively to religious exer- cises after the Mosaic model. It was on account of this difference between them and their neighboring Protestants in Holland, that the Pilgrims left that country for Amer- ica. Here they enforced, by law, the strictest observance of the Lord's day, and established periodical fasts and days of thanksgiving. The first thanksgiving in Massachusetts was observed at Salem, July 8, 1630. Winthrop and his immigrants had arrived about a month before, bringing provisions of which the settlers under Endicott stood greatly in need. Two days before the thanksgiving, Gov. Win- throp's son Henry was drowned in attempting to swim across the North river, after a canoe ; so that the occa- sion was mixed with sadness. The next thanksgiving was observed at Boston, Febru- ary 22, 1631. This was on account of the arrival of the ship Lyon, with provisions, which came the day before a fast which had been appointed on account of a threatened fjmiine. The fast was immediately changed to a thanks- giving. The next and first general thanksgiving was kept by the seven plantations then established, Oct. 16, 1633, and was ordered "in regard of the many and extraordi- nary mercies which the Lord hath been pleased to vouch- safe of late to this plantation ; namely, a plentiful har- vest, ships safely arrived with persons of special use and quality," etc. After the arrival of the Province charter, only one in- stance occurs of a day of thanksgiving set apart by act of the General Court. This was passed Nov. 13, 1693, and the day appointed was Dec. 21, O. S., corresponding to Jan. 2, of our present calendar. Since that time all thanksgiving days have been fixed by executive procla- mation, and not by act of the legislature. CHRISTMAS. The next subject discussed was Christmas ; which was at first a movable feast, celebrated, usually, in April or May. It was probably instituted in the second century, but was not fixed by the Catholic Church, upon Dec. 25, until the pontificate of Julius I., in the fourth century. The tradition of the church is that the birth of Jesus occurred at midnight, whence the custom in England and some other countries of ringing the church bells at mid- night, early diwu, and again in the morning. The different methods of celebrating the day in differ- ent countries and ages were then explained. The revels of the Lord of Misrule commenced at All Hallow Eve (Oct. 31), and continued to Candlemas (Feb. 2). Every day after Christmas was a holiday until twelfth night (Jan. 6). The season was always considered propitious in England, a tradition made memorable by the words of Marcellus to Horatio in the first scene in Hamlet : — " Some say that ever 'gainst that season comes Wherein our Saviour's birth is celebrated. The bird of dawning singeth all night long; And then, they say, no spirit stirs abroad; The nights are wholesome; then no planets strike, No fairy takes, nor witch hath power to chami. So hallowed and so gracious is the time." The Puritans were greatly opposed to the observance of the day, and in 1659 the following law was passed by the Colonial legislature of Massachusetts : — "For preventing disorders arising in several places within this jurisdiction by reason of some still observing such festivals as were superstitiously kept in other coun- tries, to the great dishonor of God and olfence of others, it is therefore ordered by this Court and the authority thereof that whosoever shall be found observing any such day as Christmas or the like, either by forbearing of labour, feasting or any other way, upon any such accounts as aforesaid, every such person so offending shall pay for ever}^ such offence five shillings, as a fine to the county." This ordinance was objected to by the Royal Connnis- sioners in 1665 ; but was not repealed until May 27, 1681. In three years less than two centuries after the passage of this ordinance, the Legislature [1856, chap, llo], made this day a legal holiday on which even the sover- (sigu legislature is not permitted to sit, and all govern- ' ment offices are closed. NEW YEAR'S DAY. New Year's day was then considered. The beginning of the year was very various in different ages and coun- tries. Until the middle of the eighteenth century there were no less than seven days reckoned as this period ; viz., — Jan. 1 (as now) ; Jan. 1 (one year in advance) ; Dec. 25; Easter; March 1; March 25 (nine months sooner than the present time) and March 25 (three months later than the i)resent time). This last, called the Florentine style or calendar, was the one in use in En"land and this colony until 1752, when it was changed to Jan. l,vand the Gregorian calendar adopted instead of the Julian which had been previously in use. The neces- sity of this change was then explained. The Romans from whom ^ye get the names of our months began the A'ear with March, hence September, as its name implies, was really the seventh month, October the eighth, and so on. An account was then given of the different ways in which New Year's day (Jan. 1) has been celebrated from the time of the Romans, when it was kept in honor of Janus, until the present time. What the Romans had observed as a feast in honor of the double-faced deity, celebrating it by kindly salu- tations and the exchange of presents — each taking care during the continuance of the celebration, that all his words and acts should be pure and blameless — was turned by the church into a fast; and New Year's gifts were repeatedly forbidden under severe penalties. In England, however, the heathen practice of exchanging presents was never overcome by the Church ; so strong a hold does it seem to have had in the popular sentiment. Indeed the custom seems to have been older, in Britain, than the time of the Roman invasion. About the only public celebra- tion of New Year's in England at this day is the ringing in of the new year and ringing out of the old. The present year is memorable as the first year in which the heads of departments at Washington, and many other prominent men following their exnmple, have resolved to furnish no intoxicating drinks to those who, in observance of the time honored custom of New York, celebrate the day b}- making calls upon the ladies of their households. INJURIOUS rS'SECTS IS ESSEX COUXTT. Dr. A. S. Packard spoke of several species of insects injurious to vegetation noticed during the past season in this vicinity — specifying among others THE ONION THRIPS. About the middle of August my attention was called by Mr. B. P. Ware of Swampscott to serious losses of bis onions from the attacks of a minute insect. The leaves were observed to turn suddenly yellow and to wilt, and the plant die. In this way large patches became infested and turned yellow, until in two or three days these pro- lific insects spread over the whole field. They seemed to increase most rapidly during the unusually dry hot weather that we experienced about the middle of last August. On the 11th of August a whole acre was thus cut off. Mr. Ware informed me that onion plants have been more or less infested in this way for some fifteen years, but the damage done this year was greater y^„ j than ever before. This evil seems wide spread in Essex County, as not in Swampscott alone, but in Lynn, Salem and parts of Danvers, the onion crop had been similarly infested. About $100,- /y' 000 worth of onions are raised in Essex County alone, and Mr. Ware judged that at least a tenth part was destroyed by this new pest, so that in f^fv^x one county alone and from one kind of injurious ,. „ . insect we have in one season lost $10,000. The """'^'e'"-*- onion crop is next to the hay crop in value, as it' is sold for cash. On examining the specimens brought into the Museum of the Peabod}' Academy of Science, the leaves were found to be covered with hundreds of a minute thrips which by gnawing the surface of the leaves had caused them to turn white in spots, and subsequently yellow; where th^y were most numerous the outer skin of the fieshy leaves was entirely eaten oil', and though it was difiicult to imairine that so minute an insect could have caused the death of so stout and thick-leaved a plant, yet here were hundreds of the culprits in all stages of growth pl3Mng their jaws before our eyes in proof. This insect, which occurred in both sexes and in all stages of growth from larvje of minute size proved to be the wheat thrips (^LimotJirips tritici) of Fitch who gives an account of its appearance and habits in his "Second Report on the Noxious Insects of New York," p. 304. Through the kindness of C. L. Fig. 2. Flint, Esq., of the Mass. State Board of Agriculture, we are en- abled to present figures of these insects taken from Dr. Packard's Report to the Board as State En- ^ tomologist. The females alone are winsred, the males being;' wingless and closely resembling the larvpe. The body of the female (Fig. 1) is smooth and shining, uniformly greenish yel- low with no other markings ; the legs are a little paler towards ar- ticulations. The larva (Fig. 2, b) is entirely greenish-yellow, the head and prothorax of End of antennae of male. the same color as the rest of the body. The male (Fig. 2, a) dift'ers from the larva in having 2-jointed feet (tarsi), and 7-jointed anteun?e, those of the larva being 4-jointed. The small line at the side of each figure indicates the natural size of the insect. Larva and male of Limothrips (ritici. THE OXION FLY. which in its larval condition attacks the roots of the 8 onion, was briefly alluded to. It appears about the mid- dle of May and continues its ravages until nearly the third week in August, when it changes into the pupa or chrysalis state. Fie IMPORTED CABBAGE CATERPILLAR AND ITS PARASITE. was next mentioned. This cat- erpillar during the past summer has been fearfully abundant in gardens in this vicinity, and would have done still greater injury to the growing crops were it not for the presence of the parasite which had been found to prey upon it very ex- tensively. The figures annexed illustrate the several stages (Fig. 3, «, male ; b, female ; c, larva ; d, [)iipa) of this invaluable ichneu- mon parasite which is one of the Chalcid family, and is the Pteropi:^ pupio'um of Linnteus. Dr. Packard had supposed that this parasite had i)er- haps been imported with its host, but it is now found to be a native of this country as well as of Europe, and cited authorities confirmatory of this as- i^'r- *■ sertion. LARVA OF TACmXA. Another parasite which he mentioned was the l^u'va of a i)arasitic fly, Tachina l:uvh..i yw, /„;,«. (Fig. 4, enlarged three times), the adult form of whioh closely resembles the common housefly. It is a flattened, Parasite of the Imported Cabbage Butterfly. 9 cyliiidriciil maggot, both cikIs of the body rounded much alike. Mr. Putnam remarked that he had collected several hundred of the catci'pillars and pupte of the cabbage but- terfly during the month of September, the caterpillars hav- ing crawled up the side of his house from an adjoining field where a large number of cabbages had been entirely destroyed by them. He had noticed that a very large number of the pupaj were infested by parasites, many of which came out during the month of September and in October. The butterfly will be out early in the spring. Discussion followed on these and kindred subjects, par- ticipated in l)y Messrs. Packard, Putnam, Bolles, Good- ell and the chair. AVilliam Gardner Barton of Salem and Beaman Gates of Beverly were elected members. The Librarian reported the following additions : — By Donation. Greex S. a., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 24. HiXGHAM Agricultuual AND HoKTicuLTLRAL SOCIETY. Transactions for 1871. 8vo panii)h. 1872. HOLDEN'. X. J. Wells' English Grammar. 1 vol. 12mo. The Commonwealth, 245nos. The Liberator, 171 nos. National Anti-slavery Standard, i.io nos. Lynn News, 2.5 nos. Saturday Night Press, 10 nos. iMiscellaueoHS par.iphlets, .'jO. Mis- cellaneous serials. 10. Holmes, John C, of Detroit, Mich. Michigan School Report for 1870. 1 vol. 8vo. Lansing, 1870. Lee, Geo. C. New York City Directories, 18.58, 1805, 1866, 18G7, 18G9, 1870. G vols. 8vo. Boston Directories. 18;58. 18(10, 18(;i, 18G2, 18G3, 18G6, 18G7. 18G8, 18(>i), 1870. 10 vols. Svo. Bankers' Magazine, Vols. II. IIL 1847-8. 1848-9. 2 vols. 8vo. Boston, Board of Trade, 18':5. 18f)8. 2 vols. 8vo. Water Power of Maine. 1 vol. 8%'0. Re. port of the Commissioners of Patents for 18.51. 1 vol. 8vo. Commei'cial Relations of U. S.. Vols. I, II. 2 vols. 4t<>. Washington, 18.5r>-18o7. Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin for Dec. 1871. Vinton, John A. Giles' Memorial. 1vol. Svo. Boston. 18G4. Wilder, ;MARsnALL P., of Boston. Historical Address before the Massachu- setts Agricultural College. July 19, 1871. 8vo pamph. Williams, Hexrv L. The National Eagle. 1870. 8 nos. Miscellaneous pam- phlets, 6. Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 2 10 Bii Exchange. ACADfiMIE iMPfeRIALE DES SCIENCES BELLES LETTRES ET AKTS IX BOR- DEAUX. Actes. 3e Seris. 31e Annee. 18G9. 8vo. Paris. 18G9. KOXIGLICII BAYERISCIIEN' Akademie der Wis.sensciiafter ZU MtoCIIEN. Sitzuugi^bericlUe der philosopliisch-pliilologisclien und liistorischeu Classe. 1871. Heft I, II, III. 8vo pamphlets. Muachen, 1871. 8»tziing8bericlite der niathe- matisch-plij-sikalischen Clause, 1871. Heft I. II, III. 8vo pamph. Miinchcn, 1871. Die Aiifgabe des chemischen Uuterriehts gegeniiber der Anforderungen der Wis- senschaft und Teclinik. Rede gehalten in der Offentlichen Sitzung der k. Akad- emie der Wissenschaften am 25, Juli, 1871, von Dr. Emil Erlenmeyer. 4to pamph. Miinchen. 1871. Massachusetts Historical Society. Collections, V^ol. x. Fourth Series. 1 vol. 8vo. Boston, 1871. Sociedad i>e Naturalistas Nes-Graxadixos. Esploracion entre San Jos6 De liieuta I el Rio Magdalena, 8vo pamph. Bogota, 1871. luforme de los Esi)lora- dores del Territorio De San Martin. 8vo pamph. Bogota, 1871. Catalogo del Estado S. De Antisquia, 8vo. pamph. Bogota. 1871. Socii5:Tfi Imi'^riale des Sciexces Naturelles de Cherbourg. Mcmoires, Tome XV, 1870. 8v() i)amph. Clierbourg, 1870. Catalogue de la Bibliotlifeque, 8vo pamph. Clierbourg, 1871. Publishers. American Naturalist. Christian World. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill (iazette. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Observer. Shoe and Leather Journal. Silliman's Jour- nal. Eegular Meeting, Mond.\y, January 15th, 1872. The President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. A TRIP TO CALIFORNIA BY R.VIL. J.J. II. Gregory, Esq., of Marblehead gave a familiar talk n})on California, and the things to be seen al(jng the route of the Pacific raih'oad, beginning at Oinaha. His descriptions were plain, grMi)hic and interesting. Speak- ing (;f agriculture in Utah, he said the process of irriga- tion as carried on tiiere was far less costly than he had supposed, as it consisted of the making of mere furrows with the plough. He spoke of the elements of dissolu- 11 tion in the Mormon system of polygamy, the principal one of which was the great influx of gentiles, though dissension in the church itself was doing much to under- mine the system. Rents in Salt Lake City he described as "terrific," and the term was not too strong, judging from a single instance which he named, where the keeper of a rum sho[) paid seven thousand, two hundred dollars in rent and liquor tax for his room of thirty feet by eleven — about half the amount being for rent. The Rocky Mountain slopes, the general scenery, the many miles of grain fields, and the agriculture of Cali- fornia, were described. • Oleanders were seen eighteen feet in height, Century plants thirty and forty feet. In Sacramento these bloom when fifteen years old. He also described the fruits, strawberries being sold at twenty-five cents for three quarts. Of the California wines he had a poor opinion so far as his observation extended, and judging by his own standard of taste. Mr. Gregory will continue his remarks at the next meeting. The Librarian mentioned the following additions: — By Donation. BOLLES. E. C. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 19. Cole. Mrs. X. D. Salem Gazette for 1871. FooTE, CALE15. Files of several county papers for Oct., Nov.. Dec.. 1871. Nation AL Association' of Wool Maxufactukeks. Bulletin for Oct., 1871 . Palfkev, C. W. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 33. Poore, Benj. p., of Washington, D. C. Washington and Georgetown Directo- ries for 1865, 6, 7, 8. 4 vols. 8vo. U. S. A. Chief of Engineers. Report on Geological Exploration of the 40th Parallel, Vol. V, Botany. 1vol. 4to. Washington, 1871. By Exchange. ACADKMV of N.\TURAL SCIENCES OF PiiiLADELi-iiiA. Proceedings of. Part II. April-Sept., 1871. 8vo pamph. 12 Boston Numismatic Society. American Journal of Numismatics for Jan. 1S72. 8vo pampli. Historical Society of Delaware. Catalogue of, with its History, Constitu- tion and By-laws. 8vo. pamph. New England Historic-Genealogical Society. Register and Antiquarian Journal of Jan., 187'2. 8vo pamph. PuiiLisiiERS. American Literary Gazette. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Quarritch's Catalogue. Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's Friend. Salem Observer. Shoe and Leather Journal. DEFICIENCIES IN THE LIBRARY. It is intended from time to time to publish lists of deficiencies in the Library hoping that the friends of the Institute, who \uay notice the same, will be induced to aid in completing the sets. Any number or volume, not designated (within brackets) under any title, will be acceptable. deficiencies in directories. [Continued from volume Hi, page 96.] Washington, D. C, by E. A. Cohen [1834]; by A. Reintrel [1843]; by Gaither & Addison [1840] ; by E. Waite [ia'50] ; by A. Hunter [18r)3] ; by I. Teu Eyck [18.5.-)] ; by^Y. H. Boyd [iai8, ISliO] ; by T. Hutchinson & Bro. [1803]; by A. Boyd [18(U, 18G5, 1860] ; by W. H. Boyd [1867, 1808, 1809, 1870]. Southern Cities, by John P. Campbell [1854] ; by W. R. Dunklcy [1800-07]. VIRGI^^A Directory and Business Register, by Elliott & Nye [1852]. RICIIM(JND, Va., by John Maddox [ISIO] ; by E. Fuslew [1860] ; by Mills & Starke [1800]. Wheeling, West Va., by Williams & Co. [1807-8. 1868-9]. CHAULE.STON, S. C, by J. H. Bagget [lS)-2]. Augusta, Ga., by E. II. Paghe [1807]. Savannah, Ga., by Purse & Son [1800]. Mobile, Ala., by Fawn & Dennett [1801, 1806]. Jackson, Miss., by J. L. Power [1800]. New Orlean,s, La., by Cohen [1849]; by R. C. Kerr [1S.")(;]; by ('. (iardiicr [1859]. Tennessee State Gazetteer and Directory, by J. L. Miti'hcll [ISOt)]. Memthis, Tenn., by Tanner, Ilalpiii A Co. [1859] ; by Williams [ISIK)]. 13 Nashville, Texx., by J. P. Campbell [ia')3, IRi.'j-C, ia">7, 1S50] ; by K. D. King, [1805. 18liG, 18U7, ISUS, 18(1!)]. LorisviLLE, Ky., by G. Collins [18:iii]. Lake Shoue Gazetteer and BiisinesR Directory [18i)l-f;2]. C. C. C. & I. R. R. Gazetteer by Ilynes Bro. [1870-1]. , Akuox, Alliance, Cuyahoga Falls, Middlehlky, Kent, Canton, Ravenna, Massillon, Salem, Woosteu, Ohio, by Wiggins & Weaver [1870-1]. Chillicothe Ohio, by J. B. Doyle [18.5.5-!;] ; by Williams & Co. [lSG!)-70]. CoLiMiii s, Ohio, by J. R. Arm.<trong [1843-4,18,5.5]; by Williams & Co. [1807-8, 1830-70]. Cincinnati, Ohio, by C. S. Williams [1818-;), 18.50, ia5-2] ; by Robinson & Jones [184«] ; by D. F. Shaffer [1849] ; by C. S. William.s [lSW-50, 1850-1, 18.51-'2, 1853, 1855, 1856, 1861, 18.59, 1867, 18.58. 1866]. Dayton, Ohio, by C. S. Williams [1860-1]. Sandusky, Ohio, by W. D. Root [1855]. SPniNGFiELD, Ohio, by Williams & Co. [18u8-9]. STEUBEN\nLLE, Wellsville, East LIVERPOOL, and WELLsm:i;GH. Ohio, by Wiggins & Weaver [1870-1]. STEUiiENViLLE, Oiiio, by C. S. Williams [ia50]. Toledo, Ohio, by C. S. Williams [1860] ; by Scott [1860. 1807]. Xenia, Oiuo, by Williams & Co. [1870-1]. ZANES\^LLE, Ohio, by C. S. Williams [1860-1], Western Reserve Register, by Sawyer, lugersoll & Co. [18.52]. Detroit, Mich., by Dimcklee, Wales & Co. [ia50] ; by C. F. Clark [186.5-6]. Indiana, State. State Gazetteer and Business Directory by G. W. Hawcs & Co. [18J-2-3]. State Gazetteer and Shipper's Guide, by M. V. B. Cowen [1806-7]. Indianapolis, Ind., by R. Edwards [18^5 6, 1807] ; by Logan [1807-8]; by H. N. McEvoy [1858-!)] ; by Hawes & Co. [1805] by R. Edwards [1806] ; by Logan [1808] ; by R. Edwards [186i)]; by Hutchinson [1870]. Illinois State Business Directory, by Smith & Du Moulin [1800] ; Northeni Counties, by E. 11. Hall [1855-0] ; State Gazetteer and Business Directory, by G. W. Hawes [ia58-iJ]. Illinois and Missouri State Directory by W. L. ;Moiit:!gue [1854-5]. Central Directory by James P. Crawford [180!)]. CincAGO, Illinois, by O. P. Hatlieway & J. II. Taylor [1840-50] ; by E. H. Hall [1855-0] ; by John Gager [ia57] ; by Tanner, Halpin & Co. [ia58] ; by R. V. Kennedy [1859-60] ; by T. M. Halpin & Co. [1860-1] ; by Smith & Du Moulin [ISGO] ; by T. M . Halpin [1861-2, 1862-3, 1803-1, 1804-5. 1805-6] by J. T. Hair [1805-0] ; by R. Edwards [1867J ; by Smith & Du Moulin [185!i] ; by W. S. Spencer [18W-5] ; by W. F. Bartlett [1857-8]; by R.Edwards [180!)]. Galesburg, Illinois, by O. E. Root [180i]. Will County. Illinois, by J. C. W. Bailey [18.59]. 14 PUBLICATIONS OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. 1872. Journal of the Essex County Natural History Society. 1 vol. 8vo. 1836-1852. pp. 135. In paper, $0 50 Bound, 1 00 Proceedings and Communications. 8vo. 6 vols. 1848-18(58. [The Pro- ceedings close with the sixth volume.] The series, in numbers, . . 19 00 Bound in cloth, 25 00 Vol.1. 1818-18.5(J. pp.275, 2 00 " II. 185!;-1858. pp. 438, 1 plate, 2 00 " III. ia58-18G3. pp. 301, 2 00 " IV. 1804-1865. pp. 448, 15 plates 6 00 " V. 1866-1867. pp. 569, 4 " and N'aturaUsts^ Directory, . . 0 00 " VI. 18G8-1871. pp. 259, 2 plates and 31 cuts, 3 00 [These volumes contain a large number of descriptions and ligures of new species, especially of Coi-als, Insects and Polyzoa ; and many valuable papers on Natural History. The flrst three volumes also cont:un many im- portant Historicpl papers. In addition to the papers on special subjects, the volumes contain the proceedings of the meetings of the Institute, the records of additions to the library and museum, and many important verbal com- munications made at the meetings, etc. The Nattiralists' Directory is also issued under the same cover with vols. IV. and V. Vol. VI. closes the scries.] Bulletin. 8vo. Issued in monthly parts of about 16 pages each. Subscription per annum, 1 00 Single ninnbcrs, 10 Vol. I. 1869. pp. 164, 1 00 " II. 1870. pp. 178, 1 00 " III. 1871. pp. 178, 1 00 " IV. 1872. Subscription, 1 00 [The Jiulletin takes the place of the Proceediiujs of the Institute which close at the date of the commencement of the Jiulletin. This publication will contain all the short communications of general interest, both of an Historical and Scientific character, made at the meetings of the Institute, and the record of the meetings and business of the Institute. Occasional lists of the deflcienclcs in the library of the Institute, and of the duplicate books offered for sale or exchange will be given.] 15 Xatl'ualists' Directory. Issued witli Proceedings, Vol. V, 1867. [This work contains the addresses and departments of study of the Nat uralists, Collectors and Taxidenni.'^ts, in North America at the date of jiub lication.] Separate from Proceedings, paper covers, " " " bound and interleaved. IiSTORiCAL Collections. First series, Vols. 1-8, small 4to, " •' Second series in 8vo, commencin The 10 vols, in paiier covers •' 10 Vol. I. " II. " '• clotli binding, 1859. )ip. 20G. Steel plate, . . . . 1860. pp.310, ni. 1861. pp.298, rV. 1862. pp.289, V. 18&3. pp. 289, Steel plate, . . . . VI. 1864. pp.274, VII. 1865. pp. 287, VIII. 1866. pp. 267, IX. 1868-9. (Vol 1 of 2d series. 8vo.) pp.. 374, X. 1869-70. pp. .319. Steel plate, . XI. 1871. Subscription, with Vol. 9 $1 00 2 00 20 00 30 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 The Historical Collections contain papers wholly of an Historical and Genealogical nature, and are most valuable to the student of early Ameri- can History. Many important manuscripts and public and private e.arly records are printed in these volumes for the first time, as well as papers specially prepared on topics i-elating to the early Iiistory of Massachusetts. Several Genealogies of leading families connected with the early settlement of the country are also contained in tlie volumes.] The Weal-Reaf. Published for Institute fair in 1860. Small 4to. pp. 56, To-Dav. Published for the Institute and Oratorio ftiir, 1870. pp. 38, . 30 50 Besides the above piiblications, thefoUowing works are offered/or sale .• Allen, J. F. Victoria Regia, or the Great Water Lily of America. Royal folio, six colored plates, 1854, 10 00 Allen, J. A. Foray of a colony of Formica Sanguinea upon a colony of Black Ants. 1868,* 10 Balch, D. M. On the Sodalite at Salem. 1864,* . 10 Balcii, D. M. Analysis of Grapes. 1805,* 10 Briggs, G. W. Memoir of D. A. White. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1804,* .... 30 Coues, Elliott. List of tlie Birds of Xew England, witli critical notes. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1868,* 75 16 Derby, Perley. llutcliinson Family. 1 vol., 8vo. 1870.* . , . . $2 00 Endicott, C. M. Account of Leslie's Retreat. Pamphlet, 8vo. 1S.5G, . . 25 Endicott, C. M. Account of the Piracy of the ship Friendship of .Salem in 1831. Pamphlet, 8vo, 18.58,* 15 Essex In'stitute. Hi?torical notice of, with the Constitution, By-laws, and lists of the Officers and Members. Pamplilet, 8vo, 1806, ... 25 Fowler, S. F. Account of the Life, Cliaracter, etc., of Rev. Samuel Parris, and of his connection with the Witchcraft Delusion of 1692. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1857,* 15 Gill, T. Prodome of a Monograph of the Pinuipedes (seals). ISOG,* . . 25 Hyatt, A. Observations on Fresh-water Polyzoa. 103 pages, 0 Plates and 25 Cuts, 8vo, 1868,* 2 50 Kimball's Journey to the West in 1817. Pamphlet, 8vo,* .... 15 Lord, O. P. Memoir of A. Huntington. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1871,* ... 35 MclLW'RAiTii, T. List of Birds of Hamilton, Canada West. Panipidet, 8vo, 1856,* 15 Plummeu Hall, Dedication of. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1857, 30 Preble, Ueorge Henry. The First Cruise of tlie United States Frigate Essex. Pampldet, 8vo,* 1 00 Putnam's and Packard's Notes on Humble Bees, etc. Wild Bees of New England, their Parasites, etc., with a plate. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1865,* . . 75 Salem. Town Records of. 1634 to 165:). 8vo, 18i:8,* 2 .50 SilUiiTLEFF, C. A. Report on the Army Worm. 1802,* 10 STREETEii, G. L. Account of the Newspapers and other Periodicals pub- lished in S;dem. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1850,* 15 Upham, C.W. Memoir of Francis Pcabody. Pamphlet. Svo, 1809,* . . 50 UriiAM, C. W. Memoir of D. P. King. Pamphlet, Svo, 1809,* ... 30 Upham, W. P. Memoir of Gen. John Glover of Marblehead. Pamphlet, Svo, 1803,* 50 Weixlano, D. F. Egg Tooth of Snakes and Lizards. Pamphlet, Svo. with a plate, 1857,* ■ 15 Wheatland, H. Notice of the Pope Family. Pamphlet. Svo, 1867,* . . 25 White, D. A. Covenant of tlie First Churcli. Pamphlet, Svo, 1850,* . . 10 White, D. A. New England Congregationalism. 1 vol. Svo, 1861, . . 1 00 WiLDEU, B. G. Researches and K.\periments on Spider's silk. 18li6. Cuts,* C>0 Wood, Horatio C. Phalangea; of United states. 1808. Cuts of most of the species,* 1 50 * Those marked with a star are e.xtra copies from tlie Proceedings and Historical Collections. BULLETIN ESSEX IIsrSTITTJTE. Vol. 4. Salem, Mass., Februaky, 1872. No. 2. One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. Eegular Meeting, Monday, February 5th, 1872. The President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. CONTl^UATrON OF MR. GREGORY'S REMARKS OX CALIFORNIA. J. J. H. Gregory of Marblehead continued his remarks on his journey to California. He commenced with his visit among the Mormons at Salt Lake City, and described them as a temperate, industrious, thriving and religious community. Their leader appeared to be a man of rare sense and judgment. He briefly commented on the nature of the country lying between the Mormon com- munity and San Francisco, and gave a very interesting account of his visit to the latter city and of what he saw therein. The Sabbath, by a large portion of the business people, was observed as other days. No paper money is used. Gold and silver only are circulated, and nothing less than ten cents is known. He referred to the Chinese as a neat and orderly class of people, and more susceptible to moral and religious Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 3 18 influences than many supposed. They are first met at Cgden, and at San Francisco occupy exclusively one or more streets. They have their own amusements, includ- ing theatre, etc. ; a visit in their midst, gives one, for a time, the impression that he is in China. He noticed the mjning towns many of which are nearly forsaken ; the mining regions, and showed how by the process of mining, the soil was forever rendered useless for tillage ; and the parks of big trees, of the latter many fiofures were ofiven to show their size. Some of these trees are covered with bark thirty-two inches in thickness, wliile others, of enormous proi)ortions otherwise, run up one hundred and twenty-four feet without losing more than a single foot in diameter. In his estimation most of the trees were not less than ten, eleven, or twelve hundred years old. The beautiful and romantic scenery of the Yo-semite valley, which was also visited, he desci'ibed in a very graphic and interesting manner. FLORIDA INDIANS. The followins: extract of a letter from Marv R.Kimball, of Salem, a teacher among the freedmen, dated Apalach- icola, Fla., Dec. 25th, 1871, was read: — Ai'ALACiiicoLA, December 25, 1871. I have been trying to get some information as to the Indian Monnds in this vicinity. One of the oldest of the "freed people" came in to see me, and said, "I am the oldest man in this place." "Well" saitl I, "you are just the man I want to talk witii. What do you know about those Indian mounds? Did they live there, or did they bury in those heaps?" "No "he said, "I have talked with some of the chiefs, and they told me that they were thrown up for defence; you will llnd them about every mile for a long distance. If you could And their graves, you would find buried with them a bowl of some- thing to eat, with a spoon at their head, and a rifle at their side, as they were going to better hunting-grounds than we had here." " Why" 19 I asked, "are there so many conch shells arouiul these phices?" "They ate them as we do oysters; why, out in the woods there was a pile twenty feet high, but they have hauled many of them away to build up the roads. The different tribes and the Spanish would flght, and if you will go down to where the Flint and Chattahooche rivers fork and enter the woods, you will discover these mounds thrown up and will lind skulls perforated by bullets; I have found them myself." One of the colored men found an earthen jar last fall. He thought there was money in it, but tinding none he left it in disgust. lie said it would hold about two gallons. I am going to get some one to direct me to these places when I can leave, and I will do all that I can to examine them. The Secretary iinnouncecl the following correspon- dence : — From the BiiflEalo Historical Society, Jan. 22 ; a circular of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, an account of the loss of its building, collections, librarj', etc., in the great fire of O.-t. 9. 1S71 ; Maine Historical Society. Jan. ; New England Historic- Genealogical .Society, .Jan. 22; New York Historical Society, .Jan. 22; F. D. W. French, Boston, Feb. 3; Charles B. Moore, New York. Jan. 30; Feb. 1; S. A. Nel- son, Georgetown, .Jan. 16, 23; James Kiker, Waverly, N. Y., Jan. 16. The Librarian reported the following additions : — By Donation. BOLI.ES, E. C. Portland Directory for 18G9. 1 vol. Svo. Brooks, Mrs. H. M. Woman's Journal for 1871. Butler, B.F., M. C. Conkling's Speech in U. S. Senate, Jan. 11, 1872. Report of the Department ot Agriculture for Jan., 1872. Freke Hen'RY. The Dependence of Life on Decomposition, by H. Freke. Svo pampli. Dublin, 1871. Green, S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous jiamplilets, 4. Laxgworthy, I. P. Catalogues of Mt. Holyoke Female Seminary for ia38-9, l&W-l, ia56-7. Perkins, Jonathan C. Catalogue of Amherst College, 1871-2. Exercises at the Semi-centennial of Amherst College, July 12, 1871. Rhode Island Society for the Encouragement of Domestic Industry'. Transactions of 18.5.5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 1,2,3, 4, 5. 6, 7, 8, 9, 70. 16 pamphlets. Svo. RoBiNSO.v, John. Railway Times. 150 nos. Jliscellaneous pamphlets, .50. Ropes, Wm. L., of jVnUover. Catalogue of Andover Theological Seminary, 1871-72. St. John & Coffin of New Y'rk. The Cabin Book; or National Characteristics by Chas. Sealsfleld. 1 vol. 12mo. Sumner, Chas., U. S. Sen. Land Office Report for 1869. 1 vol. Svo. Washing- ton, 1870. By Exchange. BiBLiOTiifeQUE Universelle et Revue SUISSE. Archives des Sciences phys- iques et natureUes, Dec. 15, 1871. No. 168. Svo. pamph. Geneve. 1871. 20 Harvard College Library. Report of tlie President and Treasurer of Har- vard College, 1870-71. JIassachusetts Institute of Technology. Seventh Annual Catalogue of the OiUcers and Students, 1871-2. Boston, 1872. New England Historic-Genealogical Society'. Proceedings of, at the Annual Meeting, Jan. .3, 1872. Publishers. American Chemist. American Journal of Science. American Literary Gazette. American Naturalist. Chri.-tian Register. Christian World. Essex County Mercury. Fireside Favorite. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Little (iiant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Nation. Nature. Peal)ody Press. Salem Observer. Shoe and Leather Journal. Horatio C. Merriam of Salem, elected a resident mem- ber. Regular Meeting, Monday, February 19, 1872. President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. PASSION PLAY AT OBER-AMMERGAU. Judge John P. Putnam of the Superior Court read a very interesting paper descriptive of the performance of the "Passion Play" at Ober-ainmergau, which he wit- nessed in 1871, The audience listened with marked attention, and the Judge's description was exceedingly graphic and curious. Ober-ammergau is a secluded village in the highlands of Bavaria, and presents, as it is gradually approached, a very picturesque appearance, nestled in a plain of green ticlds, with snow-capped mountains in the background, a cluster of quaint looking cottages, built of stone covered with plaster, having the low broad Swiss roof, and each with its little garden of vegetables and rose trees. In the centre is thfe church, an object of veneration, love and tender care, as the exquisite neatness of the interior, and 21 of the exterior with its surroundinjifs, amply testify. The inhal)it;uits, niimhering some twelve hundred, are peasants and with few exceptions, carvers in wood, an occupation which tends to raise them above the ordinary farmer. Many of their carvings are really art works and bear marks of careful study. An atmosphere of general peace and good will seems to pervade the place, the viHagers pursue the even tenor of their ways, making their faith their life, and cultivating those traits of character so essential to the performance of this duty in fulfilment of a vow made during a terrible pestilence in 1633. When the pestilence was at its height, the poor peasants vowed to God, that, if He would stay the plague, they would perform every ten years, in token of their deep gratitude, this sacred drama representing the character of Christ from His entrance into Jerusalem to His ascen- sion ; this has religiously been continued with scarcely an omission every ten years to the present time. The Judge then gave a brief outline of the history of the sacred drama ; a history which exhibits very clearly the gradual development of Christianity out of the forms and customs of Paganism, in the early period of the Churcii. Under the papacy of Gregory the Great the germs of the true mystery plays are found ; the Ciiurch then began to commemorate by processions with choruses, chants and dialogues, scenes of the passions and of the resurrection of the Saviour, and the various events of His life. He spoke of the popularity of these plays, in Eng- land, in the middle of the fourteenth century, and their continuance to a later period in Germany, Spain and Italy and to their tinal interdiction, generally, at the close of the last century. The performance of these plays has been several times prohibited ; the villagers of Ober-ammergau have however 22 ahv.a3^s succeeded in obtaining a dispensation in their favor. The time for its hist performance was 1870, but the breakins: out of the Avar between France and Prussia compelled its postponement to the next year. To illus- trate its hold on the hearts of the people, Judge Putnam stated that the villager who personated Christ was drafted into the army, but he was permitted to wear his long hair, and so careful were the authorities and soldiers for his safety, that he was never placed in an exposed position, but was confined to garrison duty. The account of the performance was minute and impres- sive. The stage occupies al)out twenty thousand square feet, Avith a fine opportunity for grand scenic efiects. The performers number in all about six hundred ; and although the services commenced at 8 A. !M., and lasted eight or nine hours, there was nothing from beginning to end calculated to excite an} thing l)ut feelings of profound emotion and reverence. Some of the spectacles were of exceeding beauty. The music was solenm and inspiring. It is not allowed to be written and no one is permitted to commit a note to pencil and paper. Two years previous to the performance the principal characters are selected, and the individual representing Christ must allow his hair to grow that length of time, also those who represent eJoseph of iVrimathea and many of the disciples. On the January preceding, the rehearsals commence and continue several times a week. The theatre is capable of seating some five or six thou- sand people, and entirely uncovered excepting the first and second row of boxes. The play is given on every Sunday and festival day from May to September inclusive, upwards of twenty times in all, so that during the course of the summer one hundi'ed thousand persons can see it. Every- body seems to be inspired with the occasion — the peasants 23 of the neighboring vilhiges, the great and fashionable world, and the ordinary tourist, were all there, as well as the Catholic Priest, the Anglican minister, and the Protes- tant dissenting minister, thus showing sympathy and favor. We shall not attempt a report of eTudge Putnam's description ; it must be listened to in order to be properly appreciated. He described the opening chorus, the tab- leaux which precede and illustrate each act, the great taste and discipline which pervade tiie performance, and each of the eighteen or twenty acts in detail, beginning with the trium[)hal entrance of our Lord into Jerusalem at the rising of the curtain, and contiiming through the High Priests in council ; the departure nf Jesus from Bethany, and the taking leave of his mother; the last sup[)er ; the l)etra3'al and the kiss ; Jesus I)efore Caiaphas ; despair of Judas ; Christ before Pilate ; the scourging and crowning with thorns ; the sentence ; Christ bearing the cross ; the crucihxion ; and the resurrection and the ascension. There was nothing, the lecturer said, in all this to offend the most delicate taste, or that was inconsistent with devotional emotions or religious instincts. Men and women go up to the performance, once in ten years, as if it Avere the Mecca of their spiritual pilgrimage ; and the entire representation, when once beheld, is a scene never to be forgotton. At the close of the lecture several photographs of the scenes described were exhibited, which added much to the permanent impressiveness of his remarks, and terminated an evening of singular and profound interest and sug«'-es- tiveness. The Secretary announced the following correspon- dence : — From C. C. Beainan. Cambridge, Feb. 7, 15; E. S. Joslin, Media', Penn., Feb. 9; Lucy Larcom, Boston, Feb. 17; S. A. Nelson, Georgetown, Feb. 6; William S. 24 Perry, Geneva, X. Y., Feb. 3; J. P. Putnam, Boston, Feb. 14, 4; W. Hudson Ste- phens, Lowville, N. Y.. Feb. 10; Bruxelles, Academie Royale des Sciences, dea Lettres et des Beaux-art'*, Jul. Li, 25, Aout :50; Buffalo Historical Society, Feb. 14; Dresden, Verein fur Erdkunde. Oct. 15; Geneve Socititc de Physique et d'llistoire Niiturelle, Oct. 1, Gorlitz. Die Naturfor.'^chcnde GescllscliafC, Nov. 18; Hague, Eiito- niolosical Society of the Nethorl.'inds, Dec. 12; London, LinnjEau Society, Aus. 2; Lugfluno-Batavre, Bibliotheca Univorsitatis, July 2f;; St. Petersburg, La Socitite Eiitomologique Russie, Oct. 21 ; Upsal, Societe Royale des Sciences, Nov. 1 ; Wash- ington, Smithsonian Institution, Jan. 20; Wien, Verein zur Verbreitung naturw. Kenutnisse. The Librarian reported the following additions : — By Donation. Butler, Bexj. F., of Washington, D. C. Speech of Hon. G. F. Hoar of Mas.s. in U. S. House of Reps., Jan. 25, 1872. 8vo pamph. Remarks of Hon. Ellis H. Rob- erts of New York in U. S. House of Reps., Jan. 31, 1872. 8vo pamph. Speech of Hon. Geo. C. Mclvee of Mississippi in U. S. House of Reps., Feb., 1872. 8vo pamph. Garkisox, W. p., of New York. Constitution and By-laws of New England Society of Orange, New Jersey, 1871. liinio pamph. Haven, Henry p. Reports concerning the Public Schools of New London, 1871. 8vo pamph. KiMiiALL, James. Massachusetts Register for 18G9. 1 vol. 8vo. Lee. John C. Commercial Bulletin for Jan., Feb., 1872. National As.sooiation OP Wool Manufactures. Bulletin. Vol.111. No. 1. Jan. -March. 1873. 8vo pamph. Sumner, Chas., of Washington, D. C. L.iws of the United States. 3d Session, 41st Congress, 1st Session, 42d Congress. 1870-71. 8vo pamph. Unknown. Worcester Directory for 1871. 1 vol. 8vo. Bij Exchange. ACADftMIE iMPfeRIALE DES SCIENCES, BELLES-LETTRES ET ART.>^ DE BORDEAUX. Actes, 3e Serie, 32e Annee. 1870. ler et 2e Trimestre*. 8vo pamph. AcADEMiic Royale de.s SCIENCE^s Arts et Belles.Lettres in Caen. Me- moires, 18(i8, 18(5S), 1870. 1871. 4 vols. 8vo. ACADE.MIE Rf)YALE DES SCIENCES, DKS LETTRES ET DES BEAU.K- ARTS DE BEL- GIQUE. Annuaire, 1871. KSrno pamph. Bulletins, 2me. Ser. T. 29, 30, 31. 1870-71. 3 pamphs. 8vo. Observations des Phcnomunes Periodiques pendant 1' Annees, 18G7. 8, 9. 2 pamphlets. 4to. American Piiilosoimiical Society, Proceedings of. Vol. xii, No. 87. July- Dec., 1871. 8vo panipli. Boo RE, A. P. Notice sur nn nouveau genre de Tijnfebrionides appartenant au Groupe des Adeliides par A. P. De Boore. Svo pamph. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 4. Boston I'uulk! Lirrary. Bulletin for Jan., 1872. Die PinsiKALiscii-.MEDiciMscin; societat in EitLANfiEX. Sitzungsbcrichte. 3 Heft. Mai 1870 bis Aug. 1871. Svo pamph. Pi;rlisiikrs. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegmph. Half Yearly Com- pendium of Medical Sciences. Hardwicke's Science Ciossip. Haverhill (Jazette. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcrii)!. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Quarritch's Catalogue. Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's Friend. Salem Observer. Shoe an<l Leather Journal. BULLETIN :h]ss:k]s: ix\rsTZTTJT:Ki. Vol. 4. Salem, Mass., March, 1872. No. 3. One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. Regular Meeting, Monday, March 4th, 1872. The President in the chair. Records of preceding meetinc^ read. THE OLD CARVED CHAIR. From a letter of E. "VV. Farley, Esq., of Newcastle, Me., recently received, we learn that the curious old carved oaken chair, which was given to the Historical Society, June 27, 1821, by Robert Brookhouse, of Salem, is a complete counterpart of the one in his possession, and as far as antiquity and style are concerned, these two chairs arc perhaps unequalled by any to be found in New England. 'Sir. Brookhouse received this chair from the family of ^lajor John Farley, of Newcastle, Me., a native of Ipswich, Mass. Mr. Brookhouse's first wife was a daughter of said Farley, and ^Ir. Farley's wife was Sarah Dennis of Ipswich. This chair was one of four pieces of furniture of similar wood and carvings belong- ing to said Sarah Dennis, and was taken to Newcastle on her removal there in 1772 or 1773 — cousistino; of two Essex Ixst. Bulletin. iv 4 26 arm chairs, alike in pattern, a tape loom and a chest now in the possession of Mrs. E. G. Perkins, of Salem, having upon it the date "1G34 ;" and there is reliable traditional evidence of the age of said furniture corresponding with the year 1634, and that these articles were brought over from England by the first emigrant of the Dennis family of Ipswich. A RELIC OF "YE OLDEN TIME," — A STONE MILL. In form the mill is mortar like, about as large as a peck measure, with the furred stone fitting so as to make an efiectual grinder. It is similar to the stone mills spoken of in the Bil)le, which the Jewish women used. It was presented by Mr. D. L. D. Balch, of Amesl)ury, accom- panied by the following letter : — Amesbury, February 7, 1872. To the Officers of the Essex Institute : — Gentlemen: — In accordance with a purpose long entei'tained by me, I hereby offer for your acceptance the "Stone Mill" which was brought to this country by " Lieut. Francis Peabody," in the year 1635. This "mill" has been preserved in the Peabody family from that date to the present time, mostly at Topsflcld. It was linally presented to my father, the late Israel Balch, M. D., some sixty years ago, by Jacob Peabody, and by him kept till his death in 1858. It was my father's special request that this relic of " ye olden time" should be presented to your Institute, and it is not only a duty but a pleasure to comply with the same. Trusting that this ancient memento of the ancestor of that hon- ored benefactor, the late George Peabody, may be accepted and pre- served through all coming time, I am Your obedient servant, D. L. D. Balcii. HOWARD STREET CHURCH. Mr. George D. Phippen presented a comnmnication from Rev. C. C. Beaman, formerly of this city, on "The Closing History of the Branch or Howard Street Church in Salem." Referred to the committee on publications 27 for insertion in the "Historical Collections." At a raeet- iu<Z of the Institute, Monday evening, Jan. 20th, 1862, Rev. Mr. lieanian read an ijiterestiiig historical sketch of this church, with brief notices of the several ministers who have successively officiated in that place. This paper was printed in the "Historical Collections of the Essex Institute," Vol. iii, page 272. CLEAVELAXD'S JOURNALS. ]\rr. A. C. Goodell, Jr., read a letter from Nehemiah Cleaveland, of Westport, Conn., tendering to the Insti- tute some journals written by his grandfather, Rev. John Cleaveland, of Chebacco parish, in Ipswich. The thanks of the Institute were tendered to ^Nlr. Cleaveland for his generous ofier, and Mr. Goodell was requested to com- municate the same. The Secretary announced the following additional correspondence : — From L. D. Gould, Boston Highlands, Feb. 23; S. A. Green, Boston, Feb. 28: B. H. Hall. Troy. X. Y., Feb. 27. Mch. 1; Francis Harrington. Boston. Feb. 23; John F. McCoy, New York, Feb. 17. 21; S. A. Nelson, Georgetown, Feb. 19, 29; John H. Sage. Hartford. Conn., March 1; W. Hudson Stephens. Lowville, N. Y., Feb. 20: A. Woodward, Franklin, Conn., Feb. 20. The Librarian reported the following additions : — By Donation. BnTLER. Hox. B. F., of Washington, D. C. Speech of Hon. Roscoe Conkling in U. S. Senate, Feb. 19, 1872. 8vo pamph. Kimball. J.vme.'*. Proceedings of the Riglit Wortliy Grand Lodge. I. O. O. F. of Mass. ]8i)7. '8, '9, '70, '71. 9 nos. The World Almanac, 1868, '9, '70, '71, '72. Miscella- neous pamplilets. 10. MAsruESTER PriiLic Library. Eighteenth Annual Report of the Trustees. Dec. 31.1870. 12mo pamph. Maxxixg, Robert. Journal de 1' Agriculture, Tome iv, 1869, .5 nos. Tome i. ii, iii, 1870. 17 nos. Der Farmers Freiind, 1871. Palfray. C. W. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 8. Perley. Edward. Directory of St. Paul for 18G3. 1 vol. 8vo. Stephens, W. H. of Lowville. N. Y. Directory of Harrisburg for 1839. 1 vol. Stone. Edwix M. Thirtieth Annual Report of the Ministry at Large. Jan. 2. 1872. 8vo pamph. 28 SUMXER, Hon. Chas., of Wasliiugton, D. C. Department of Agriculture for 1S70. 1 vol. 8vo. Washington. 1871. By Exchange. ENTOMOLOfilCAL SOCIETY OF THE NETHERLANDS IN 'S GRAENIIAGIE. Tijd- schrift voor Entomologie. Tweede Serie Vijfile. Deel 1-6. Aflerering. 18()i)-70- Zesde Deel 1, Aflerering, 1871. 7 piimplilets. 8vo. Flax Extension Association in Ireland. Third and Fourth Annual Re- ports of, for the Improvement of the Culture of Flax in Ireland, 18()9-70. 2 paniphs. I'imo. lu.'rtruction for the Culture and Preparation of Flax in Ireland. I'inio pamph. Geological and Polytechnic Society of \A''est Riding of Yorkshire, Proceedings of, 1870. 8vo pamph. Leeds, 1871. KoxGLiGA Vextenskaps Societeten, Upsala, Sweden. Nova Acta, Ser. Ill, Vol. vii. Fasc. I, II. 1869-70. 2 pamphs. 4to. Up.salia;, 1869-70. Bulletin Meteoro- logique Mensucl, Vol. ii, Nos. 1-1-2, 1859-70. Vol. iii, Nos. 1-6, 1870-71. L'Institute Royal Grand-Ducal de Luxemburg (Ci-devant Societe des Sciences Naturelles). Publications, Tome xi.— Annees 1869 et 1870. 8vo pamph. NATURFOR.SCIIENDE Gesellschaft IN BAMBERG. Bericht. 1869-70. 8vo pamph. Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Basel. Verhandlungen, Theil 5. Heft 3. 8vo pamph. Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Gorlitz. Abhaudlungen, Bd. xiv. 1871. 8vo. Gorlitz. 1871. Natuuwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft "Isis" in Dresden. Sitzungs- berichte, 1871. Juli, Aug., Sept. 8vo pamph. Philosophical and Literary Society in Leeds. Annual Report, 1870-71. 8vo pamph. Leeds, 1871. Royal Society of London. Proceeding.? of, Vol. xviii, Nos. 119-122, Vol. xix, 123-129. 11 pamphlets. Svo. SociETii d'Agriculture, Sciences et Arts de La Sartiie. Le Mans. Bulle- tin, Tomes xi, xii, xiii. 1870, 1871. Societe d'Anthropologie in Paris. Bulletins, Tomes iv, v. 1869-70. SociEi'E DE Physique et d'Historie Naturelle in Geneve. Mcmoires, Vol. xxi. part I. -ito pamph. Table des Memoires Tomes i a. x.x. 4to pamph. SociETi''; Entomologique de Russia ix St. Petersburg. Iloraj Societatis Entomologicie Rossicic, Tome vii. No. 4. Tome vii, No. 2. 1871. SociETii Malacologique i>e BELGHiUEiN IJRUXELLES. Aunales, Tome r. 1870. Svo pamph. VEREIN ZUR VERUREITUN(i NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHER KENNTXISSE IX WlEX- Schrilten, Band xi, Jahrg. 1870-71. 16mo pamph. BiBLioi'Hi;<iUE UxivERSELLE ET Revie SUISSE. Archives des Sciences phy- siques ct naturelles. Oct. 1.5, 1871. No. 16(i. Svo pampli. 1871. Iowa State Historical Society. Annals of. Jan.. 1872. Svo i)amph. New York Genealo<;ical and IJioGiiAniirAi, Society. Record of, Jan., I8C2. Svo pamph. Rhode Islaxd Historical Society. Roger Williams, a paper read before the Society, Nov. 8, 1871. By Thomas T. Stone. Svo pamph. PuiiLiSHEits. American Chemist. American Journal of Science and Arts. Canailian Journal. Gloucester Telegraph. Ilavei hill Gazette. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Little (iiant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. I'cabody Press, .'shoe and Leatlier Journal. v 29 Mr. S. A. Nelson of Georgetown read the followino: C()inimiiiU';ition on THE METEOROLOGY OF MOUNT WASHINGTON. The mountainous region of New Hampshire north of Lake Winnipiscoirce, known as the AVhite Mountains has a north and south extension of about sixty miles, and on a cross line is not far from thirty miles wide. The several ranges are naturally divided into groups, as the Moosilauke group in the southwest, the Franconia region westerly, to the south the Pemigewasset Mountains, centrally the jNIount Washington group, and to the north the Stratford Peaks, together with others of less impor- tance. The Mount Washington group has an area of not far from thirty miles long and tifteen wide and has a north- east and S(juthwest course. Centrally in this range is Mount Washington, in latitude 44°, 16', 26" and longi- tude 71°, 16', 26", Avest from Greenwich. The altitude is 6,293 feet and it is the highest peak in the group by 500 feet, and the highest east of the ^lississippi with the exception of Clingman's Peak in western North Carolina. Prof. Edward Tuckerman marks out four regions on JSIount AYashington : First, the lower forest, where are found the hard wood species of the lowlands, with the white spruce and fir, forming a dense forest. Secondly, the upper forest, composed of l)lack spruce, fir, Frazer's bal- sam fir, a mountain ash, with rarely the canoe and yellow birch. At four thousand feet altitude these trees become dwarfed and are oidy found above this height in a few sheltered localities on the southern side of the mountain. The plants in the third, or sub-Alpine region, correspond to like localities in mountain regions generally, and from a little below the summit, upward, is the Alpi.ine region, 30 with many plants native to Labrador and Greenland. The change of climate from the base to the summit is equivalent to that of several degrees north. In this paper I shall confine my remarks exclusively to the meteorological phenomena of the mountain. An ex- tended inquiry would be of greater value, but it is impos- sible to more than briefly touch upon the several points under consideration. I do not propose to discuss theories so much as to present facts to show the advantages moun- tain stations ofier over those less elevated. Some of the highest authorities have held that the study of meteorology should begin from above. Among these are Biot and Poey. And why meteorologists should have been so long content to study the aspects of the weather within the narrow limits of the lower earth currents, it is hard to decide. It is true that in Europe similar observa- tions to those made on Mount Washington have been main- tained for a limited time, but never till the past year in this country, yet nowhere have they been deemed of much value. When we look through the rifts of a low running S. E. scud, and see, at an altitude of less than a mile, an upper current of cirro-cunudus rai)idly moving towards the northeast, or in a fair da\-, observe it progressing at the rate of fifty miles an hour, wiiile at the surface the wind is not above ten miles — a desire to investigate the phe- nomenon is aroused, and we devise ways and means to accomplish this end. Where shall we go l)ut to some lofty mountain peak that rises to the altitude of the atmospheric current in Avhich that stratum of cloud is drifting? East of the meridian of 105° west from Greenwich, over the whole continent, north of the N. E. trades, there is an v atmospheric current constantly flowing in a 31 northerly direction. It flows in a descending plane dif- fering but slightly from that of the limit of pci'petual snow. Its descent is known to be not far from 16,000 feet at the equator to very near the surface at the poles. Over this country its range is from about 3,000 to 12,000 feet and vertically it cannot l)e far from 6,000 to 8,000 feet. It varies in direction and elevation with the chanirinof seasons — runs lower in summer than winter — and vary- ing on difierent parallels, it flows near the earth when no surface wind interferes. Over New England its course is nearly W. S. W. to E. N. E., but west of the Alleghany INIountains it is more southerly. Its elevation and direc- tion also vary in the same latitude with the variations of the weather, and probably corresi)ond with the increase and diminution of magnetic force. This is the counter-trade, and comes to us from the South Atlantic Ocean. Within, it form our storms. Its ameliorating influences are seen in the southerly storms of winter, in the gentle southwest gales of April and May. Oi)i)osed to this is the dry, northwest wind which sweeps down from the Arctic regions. Many maintain that this is a surface wind. So it is when it has driven itself under the counter-trade and fills the space between that higher current and the earth. But it becomes an intermediate one whenever an easterly wind prevails at the surfice, and its place is between the surface wind and the southwest- erly upper current of the counter-trade. Our records show that this frecpiently occurs. It is not necessary to enlarge upon this, as it is no part of my purpose to combat theories, and I only alhide to it at all, that it might be seen clearly wherein Mount Wash- ington, or any isolated peak, is superior to stations less elevated, for the particular department of observations on aerial currents. 32 These advantages, at Mount Washington, we find in the elevation of more than a mile above sea-level, and that it so nearly reaches the line of perpetual snow, in the considerable height over the surrounding peaks ; in the summit being usually above the lower surface winds and lower cloud stratum. As it is, to a certain extent within the region of the higher upper currents, barometric, thermometric and hygrometric conditions obtain, which do not at lower stations, or in the same time and degree, and of value in connection with them in forecasting storms. BAROMETRIC OBSERVATIOXS. It is well understood that changes in the velocity of the wind and amount of cloud, exercise a marked influence upon the barometer. These disturbing elements being in full force here, hence the sensitiveness of the in- strument and its fluctuations, as well as its wide range. Its sensitiveness is best seen in a neai-l}^ calm da}^ when clouds are drifting over ; then the mercurial column will not rest for a moment, and yet the range for an hour may not be more than .002 to .004 of an inch. The fluctua- tions during a gale are very great, frequently from one half hour to another, half an inch or more. The range from December 1st, 1870, to May 14th, 1871, was 1.5it5 inches. The lowest reading corrected for temperature was 22.120 and the highest was 24.104. The lirst was during the great gale of December and the last towards the latter part of May. It has a wide range in the great gales, or hurricanes of winter, but not in the sunnner storms. Almost h()url\' observations wove taken from 11 a.m., January 22d, to 9.30 a.m. of the 2;3d. This was one of the three great gales. The range was 1.11(5. The long- 33 est and most severe storm of all occurred in February, commencing on the 4th. Observations from 7 a. m. of the 4lh to the same hour ou the 5th gave a range of 1.403. Other storms gave like results. On the 21st of ^lay thunder showers prevailed over an extended area ; but none passed over the mountain or very near. The barometer was depressed, owing more to the intensity of magnetic force than other causes as the weather was fiue with us. The 22d was characteristic of the mountain. It was warm, clear and calm in the morniug, with a ter- rific thunder storm at noou and wintry weather at night. At 11 A.M. the temperature was GG° — the hiofhest durinor the summer with one or two exceptions — at 3 p.m. 26. ° The barometric fluctuations were constantlv ffoins: on early in the morning, falling 1.124 from 8 a.m. to noon. The oscillations of the barometer were in the same time as the dischai-ge of electricity at the telegra[)li table; both in the afternoon of the 21st and on the 22d. Humboldt has said, speaking of the horary variations of the bar(uneter, that "no atmospheric circumstances — neither rain, nor fair weather, nor wind, nor tempest — affects the perfect regularity of these oscillations under the tropics ; but they subsist alike at all times and in all seasons." We cannot say this of ]Mount Washington. On the contrary, as the diurnal variation is governed by the rate of the wind and amount of cloud, it is only in calm, clear weather that it is at the usual hours, and, as it is sel- dom clear or calm, it may be said that here it does not conform to the general law. The tables of several sta- tions in the New Hampshire Geological Report, compared with ^Nlount Washington, show that on the mountain, there are times of high and low pressure which do not extend to the lower stations. These seem to be confined Essex Ixst. Bulletin. iv 5 34 to the upper atmosphere. But of the great atmospheric disturbauccs, covering one or more days' time, having a sweep of thousands of miles, we get, it appears from the record, the first barometric indications at lower stations. In a few instances the Mount Washington record gives earlier indications than the other stations ; this is true of the December fjale. Preceding the gale of January 22d and 23d, the high- est reading was on the 19th at each place, but it was some hours iu advance of Mount Washington at Hanover, N. H., and Lunenburg, Vt., where the maximum ob- tained at 7 A. M. ; at Gorham, N. H., 2 p. m., and at Mount Washington not until 4.57 p.m. At Lunenburg and Hanover, the minimum was on the 21st; at Mount Washington the 22d. The maximum after the gale abated was obtained at Hanover and Gorham the 2;")th ; at Mount Washiugton and Lunenburff on the 2()th at 7 A.M. Lunenburg has an elevation of 1,124 feet, and the climatic conditions more nearly correspond to those of Mount Washington than the other stations above men- tioned. THERMOMETER. Although our observations in this department are not so complete as we could wish, yet they furnish much iu- teresting and valuable matter, imperfect as they are. We had no spirit thermometer wheu wo most needed it, and our mercurial iustruments, though excellent, were too few in number. Dr. Kane says that " errors dependent on wind, suu and local radiation should be carefully guarded against." These remarks apply with much force to Mount Washington especially as regards radiation from clouds lying below the summit. From partial records for the year from December, 1S70, to November^ 1871, inclusive, I think the meau tempera- 35 ture of the j'ear mny be not far from — 5° Centigrade, equivalent to 23° Fahrenheit. It cannot possibly l)e so hio-h as the zero isotlicrnial lino Centiurade. For the year, that of Montreal is 40° ; and the isothermal line of 45° passes a little south of Mount Washington, while the summit enjoys the climate of southern Greenland. The highest observed temperature was 66'^ ; and the lowest reliable reading of the mercurial thermometer was — 54°. On the 5th of February at 3 o'clock in the morn- ing the reading was — 59.° That it should read correctly at — 54° may be questioned. The freezing point of mer- cury is not yet well established. Dr. Kane says that "thermometers correct at — 40° and agreeing would show a difference of 15° or 20° at —60°." So it was found by Sir James Ross at Leopold Harbor. Nor does Dr. Kane regard "the contraction of colored alcohol at very low temperatures, as sufficiently investigated to enable us to arrive at the cause or quantity of error." "The freezing point of mercury varied" with him "from between — 38.5° and 41.5°." Sir Edward Belcher obtained results where the mercury descended as low as — 44°. Our thermom- eters were the Smithsonian standard in the winter, and later tiie standard instrument made by James Green, of New York — all excellent instruments. In the case under consideration the fall to — 54° was gradual ; but this is admitted to be no proof that the fall was not due to the contraction of the mercury after it became solid, as this frequently occurred in Dr. Kane's observatory. Of one thing I am fully assured ; and it is, that there is much to be learned regarding the freezing point of mercury. Nothing is more certain than the fact that the rise and fall of temperature, as a rule, is tirst obtained here. For instance, a low temperature, accompanying the easterly movement of the high, cold, upper wind current, is from 3G six to thirty-six liours earlier on Mount Washington than at lower stations. High and low temperatures are regis- tered here, Avhieh we shall notice under winds, tliat do not descend to lower levels. On the other hand low tem- peratures are observed below when there is no change on the mountain. This we shall explain further on. So there are cold terms when the minimum is lower at some not distant stations than here. As with the barometer so the thermometer has no fixed hours of daily maxima and minima. At Mount Washing- ton there were seventeen days when the maxinnim was attained at 2 p.m., to ten at 7 a.m., and nine at 9 p.m., or when the readings were the same as at 2 p.m. At Mon- treal, twenty-nine at 2 p.m., to two at 7 a.m., and five at 9 P.M. At Hanover, twenty-three at 2 p.m. to four each at 7 A.M. and 9 p.m. In winter the changes are sudden and great ; often in a half-hour from 5° to 25° and at any period of the twenty-four hours. The change of temper- ature from Sunday morning, Fel)ruary 5th at 3 o'clock, if we call it at that hour, — 54°, to Tuesday noon follow- ing, when the thermometer indicated, in the sun, ()2°, was 116°. Thirty to forty degrees ditferencc in a day is of common occurrence. IIVGROMETRIC OBSEUVATIOXS Were made with great care. During the winter we used wet and dry bull) thermometers hung side by side, and after the warm season opened the Mason Hygrometer. With all our care these froze and so were ruined. For that locality the ordinary wet and dry bulbs are most con- venient at all times and in that moist climate require but little attention. Of these observations. Professor Cleve- land Abbe, of the Signal Office, AVashington, has said "the hvgromutric observations from the mountain stations are of the hiirlu'st inii)oit:ince I inanngo daily to derive information which foretells the coming storm, and "vvould do so far more aceui'atelv had we two other stations distant one to three hundred miles." Tlu' iiyirrometer alone is a reliaMe instrument for de- termininu' the weather some time in advance of a change. On the mountain we could assure ourselves as to the weather for twelve to twenty-four hours; and after sum- mer travel commenced our observations showed practical results daily ; inasmuch as tourists stopping at the hotel availed themselves of the information thus gained in making their arrangements for tiie ensuing day. It is the hygrometer upon which we deiKMid more than the barometer. It is seldom that tlu; readings of the wet and dry l)ulbs difler more than four or live degrees, quite rare that the diiference is greater than ten. In this country as great a dillcrence as thirty-live degrees has been recorded, and in India sixty degrees. I am led to believe that however unfavorable the climate is, in some res^iects, to health, the exem])tion from coughs and colds is due to this uniformly moist atmos[)here. THE WINDS. The records show almost constant and exceedingly high velocities. Winds of from thirty to sixty miles an hour are the rule, light Avinds and cahns the exception. In winter, ninety to one hundred miles is not uncommon, while in summer it seldom rises to ninety. The winter gales, which are westerly or northwest when attended by a low temperature, spend their fury in a gentle north wind bringing a moderation of temperature, quite frequently. This has been noticed by Dr. Hayes, by iNIcClintock and Parry. I state the fact, but confess that I am unable to explain the phenomenon. Here, as in the Arctic zone, 38 there are high northerly winds excessively cold, iind this seems to be the normal condition of things. On the monntaiii this gentle north wind will change snddenly, with a rising barometer, to south or southwest, which we can understand readily to be the downward movement of the southwest counter-trade descending to our level but not passing below it. A perfect calm is of the rarest occurrence in winter, for more than an hour or two. At Hanover for thi-ce months there were reported ninety-nine calms. Easterl}' winds are exceptional ; out of two hun- dred and seventy observations, ten only were easterly. At Lunenburg seventy-three in the same time and Hanover forty-one. At Gorham, out of one hundred and forty- seven there were forty-one. This average holds nearly as eood for the summer months. Three or four hundred feet greater elevation would place the summit above the course of the lowest surface winds. Neither do the northwest winds run much over a thousand feet higher. The altitude of 8,000 feet would undonbtedly give con- stant westerly winds. From the direction and thickness of the cloud stratum, the height of the atmospheric current may be at all times determined. On the 28d of June at 7 a.m., the cloud en- veloping the summit was unusually dense ; the wind near the depot, southeast, in puffs, and calms, and nine miles per hour. On the roof of the hotel it was southwest and fifteen miles at least. An hour later the rain was pouring in torrents, and at the depot the wind had changed to southwest, thirteen miles an hour. These records .show that gentle westerly winds may prevail on the sunnnit, while below, at stations near and remote, the wind is easterly and tempestuous. They show, too, that the heavy gales of the winter were tirst felt on the mountain. Tlu^ northwest wind sweeping southward, pushes up, 39 wedges itself under the current-trade, as it were (for atmospheric currents do not mingle, hut stratify, the Iliin- ton"an theory to the contrary notwithstanding), gradu- ally descending to the sea-level. Of one summer high wind there is a partial report. June 8th at 5 p.m., the gale arose on the mountain reach- ing its height at 1 a.m., the Dth. At Bethlehem, N. H., fifteen miles west (1,800 feet ahove the level of the sea), there was a gentle breeze till 11 p. m., the 8th, but from that hour to 5 a.m., the 9th, the wind was high. At Beth- lehem a cool, windy day followed, but on the mountain it was nearly calm and mild. Nor did it reach its high- est i^oint at Hanover till it had abated on Mount Wash- ington. CLOUDS. It is obvious that the higher upper currents, especially of cirrus, which often floats at an elevation of 21,000 feet, will not present any very marked ditference at the altitude of a little more than a mile. Generally it is dur- ing the transition stage into cirro-stratus or cirro-cumulus that we find this elevation advantageous. It becomes decidedly so when we would study the lower cloud-forms or observe the condensation of an api)roaching storm. As is well known, the higher upper current of cirrus is a westerly one, that it has a movement from west, or south of west, eastward. Passing into any sub-form the course may be from any point between S. S. W. and N. N. W. The lower currents of cumuli, which are rare in winter, and the stratus run low, seldom rising to the level of the summit. The stratus of winter is often extended over an area of several hundred square miles, and rarely- has a greater average thickness, in the vicinity of the moun- tain, and probably not elsewhere, than 1,000 feet. It is doubtful if, in this latitude, it ever exceeds 3,000 40 feet. Yet it is this thin stratum of cloud that gives the h)wlan(ls so many gloomy days in winter, while on the mountain there is no cloud from sunrise to sunset. It is on such days, when it is serene there and cloudy below, that wc have a high temperature comparatively. This has been noticed in Europe. On the Brocken, in winter, under similar conditions, it is warmer than at lierlin. In April there was the finest possible display of cumuli, an immense mass of cloud many thousand feet vertically and miles in extent. We may sec the lower currents moving in ditferent directions at the same time. Imme- diately around the mountains if they run low, they follow the line of the several ranges. It is not unusual at all seasons to see them on a S. E. course south of Mount Washington, and north of Mount Adams a S. W. one at the same time. Condensation may l)o going on at one point, in a contrary one, but a few miles distant, the cloud is re-dissolving. A distinguished French savant has said that he never saw, on the Alps, the tbrmation of a cloud. A close observer, living on jNIount Washington will have many opportunities to witness condensation over the sum- mit. We did frequently, and Dr. Brewer of Boston has informed me that he once observed this on ^Nlt. Washing- ton. [To be coiilimied.l BULLETIN OF THE Vol. 4. Salem, Mass., April, 1872. No. 4. One Dollar a Year iu Ailvance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. Eegular Meeting, Monday, March 4th, 1872. [ Con tinued .] STORMS. In observations on an approaching storm the eleva- tion of 6,000 feet is important, inasmuch as the observer is above the lower strata, the "storm-scucl." Here he may note the changes in kind and rehitive position of the several cloud strata from the moment the storm is seen along the western horizon, two hundred miles distant, till it shall envelop the lofty peak of Mount Washington. The elevation of a storm moving east can be seen as far dis- tant as NeAv York City. AVhen condensation advances but little faster than the storm line, it is a more interesting study than wdien the condensation is going on for days, and over a wide ex- tent of country at the same time. If rapid and with the storm, Ave notice at an immense height the "polar bands" of cirrus, lower, cirro-stratus, or cirro-cumulus. From Essex Ixst. Bulletix. iv 6 42 the first until it breaks on us, the progressive move- ment is traced on a north and south line — west of that line is the storm — east, fair weather ; the upper current precedes somewhat the lower stratus, or "scud." When the line is within a hundred miles we see this more plainly. The under current of stratus ^a condensation in advance of the storm — is gradually spreading. out on every side. Towards uight the prominent landmarks are hidden from view. We can see that the lower stratus current is rini- ning under the advancing cloud. The cloud shuts down upon the mountain, all about us an easterly storm is rag- ing, here it is a southwesterly or westerly one. A storm presenting its southern side to us is not so interesting, as it condenses most rapidly on this side. On the summit there are sometimes southeasterly storms, but seldom one uorth of east. The great storm of October 4th, 1869, was from this direction, as was one short but severe gale and heavy rain of March last. AUKORA BOREALIS. We witnessed many tine Auroras, but no new facts regarding them are on record. It is to be regretted that we were uot prepared to observe to some extent, electri- cal phenomena, particularly in connection with aiu'oral storms. The only peculiar features noticed were the apparent nearness to the earth of the auroral waves, as a rule ; and three times, displays when the moon was past the first quarter. Our line, or our .end of the line, gave us much trouble at such times. \Vith the insulated wire of the mountain station three miles in length, there is all'orded an op[)()rt unity for the study of electric cur- rents in the terrestrial strata as well as atmospheric cur- rents such as is seldom ollered. The mountain is a gigan- tic insulator, no "ground" being obtainable on the summit. 43 ATMOSPIIEUIC ELECTniClTV I had ail oi)[)(iit unity of observing in our line the eflects ot" the tliiiiulcr showers of the 2 1st of May. Being alone, I eoiild not pay that attention to the several phenomena whieli I desired. We had a very sensitive compass which we used as a galvanometer. The oscillations of the needle were followed hy a report of distant thunder. As the shower was tifteen or twenty miles distant, several seconds elapsed between the deviation of the needle and the re- port. The instruments were not "cut out" at first so that I ol)tained simultaneously with the oscillation of the needle, the click of the armature. I could now time the oscilla- tions of the barometer. These I found to correspond to the oscillations of the needle in time and amount with the intensity of the current. I did not continue these experi- ments long from fear of injury to the insti'ument, and possibly injury to myself. The next day there Avas a succession of showers, with one at noon on the summit continuins; an hour, durinsf which time the depot was struck five times. Early in the morning, I had taken the precaution to connect the rails by an iron bar, and this I think saved the building from dam- age. It is said that, since the road was comi)leted, scarcely a day passes, when there are not electrical discharges on the mountain, but that man}' of these seek the track, as the best conductor, following it to some point near the river at the terminus. Ju view of the terrible results attending mtmntain thunder storms, to those so unfortu- nate as to encounter them, of which we have accounts of large parties perishing together by a single discharge of electric fire, we might be surprised to learu that no harm was ever done buildings or persons on Mount Washington, althouii^h the hotel has more than once been struck. Is 44 not this exemption clue to the fact that the summit is in- suUited? and tliat the electric current seeks a nxn-e favor- able path to the earth? I have noticed repeated dis- charges earthward, over Raymond's Cascade, in tlie Great Gulf in a single shower. AQUEOUS PHENOMENA. It frequently rains at a temperature of 28° and at times with even a lower reading. It is not uncomnwn for it to snow furiously when the reading is as high as 37.° The warm waves descending to the level of the summit bring rain even in January. Owing to the violence of the wind, measurements of rain and snow are practically use- less. Although the fall of snow is very great, rarely more than two or three feet lie long. The quantity held in suspension during a gale is astonishing. From November to April it is, that of all high Alpine regitms, a dry impalpable powder. A snow-flake mentioned in the Press telegram of January 8th as "new," which was the cause of considerable merriment to a certain class of public journals, may be described as pyramids of six sides base depressed with the sides corresponding to the exte- rior. It seems that Capt. Parry saw this form of snow- flake in one of his voyages and described it in his report. Of the frost formations, very beautiful, the highest charm of winter mountain scenery, it is only necessary to remark, that tlie forms are due to certain conditions of the wind, and that it is built U[) by aggregations ot minute specilia of ice, the condi'iisation of vapor at an extremely low temperature. Doubtless electricity plays an important part in the work, as it is only with westerly winds that it forms. At a higher temperature than that necessary for the frost formation, ice ujakes on the rocks and surface of the 45 snow, a solid bine ice. This disappears during high north-west gales as the cold, dry N. W. wind, full of positive electricity sweeps over the mountains. Late in December a singular ice formation was discovered. I have searched meteorological works for a description, but have not yet found whetiier it is known or not. It is a transparent ice on the surface of rocks : cellular in struc- ture, the cells mainly hexagonal, some triangular and a few of an indefinal)le form. The cells averaged about .25 inches in depth l)y .15 to .20 of an inch in breath. To sum u[) results, we may add that mountain observa- tories are of the highest importance in the elucidation of climatological proI)lems. The advantages secured are of direct, practical l)enelit in the daily forecasts of storms. Let the signal OfKce establish them, wherever practicable, throughout the countr}', and meteorology will be advanced shortly to the dignity of a science, a claim hardly compatible with the facts at the present time. After Mr. Xclson had concluded the reading of his interesting communication, the following votes were unan- imously ado[)ted : — Voted, That the Secretary be requested to tender to Hon. eludge Putnam of the 8u[)eri'>r Court, the thanks of the Essex Institute for his interesting and instructive lec- ture delivered at our last meeting, giving a very vivid and graphic account of his visit to 01)er-ammergau during the performance of the Passion Play in the summer of lt>71. Voted, That the Secretary be requested to transmit to Mr. S. A. Nelson of Georgetown the thanks of the Essex Institute for his interesting communication, giving a clcai" and succinct account of the results of the meteorological observations made during a residence on the top of Moimt Washington in the winter of 1870-71. Adjourned. 46 Regular Meeting, Monday, March 18th, 1872. The President in the chair. Eecords of preceding meeting rejid. The Secretary anuonncecl the foHowing correspon- dence : — f From^Pennsylvania Historical Sofiety, Mch.7; Charles G. Abbott, Trenton. X. J., Mch. 15; J. M. Caller, Salem, Mcli. 14; Henry Cook, Boston, March 11; Robert Howell, Nichols, Tioga Co.. N. Y., Feb. 7; E. M. Stone, Providence, R. I., Mch. 12; William H. Yeomans, Columbia, Conn., Marcli i. The LiBiJARiAN announced the following additions : — By Donation. Abbott, C. C, of Trenton, N. J. The Works of Tliomas Challdey. 1 vol. 8vo. Phila. 174i). Printed by B. Franklin & D. Hall. Amekicax Philological Association-. Proceeding? of t!ie Tliird Annual Session held at New Haven, Conn., July, 1871. Svo iiampli. BOLLES, E. C. Address by Rob't B. Fairburn in Hartford, Conn., July 1-2, 1871. Svo panipli. Assay of Gold and Silver by Thomas M. Blossom. 12mo iianiph. Bl'TLEK, B. F., M. C. Frelinghuysen's Speech in U. S. Sen., Feb. 20, 1872. FooTE, Caleb. Files of several County papers for Jan., Feb., Mch.. 1872. Greex, S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pampldets, 11. IVE.s, Mits. Be\,t. H. True Chri-tian Ueligion. 1 vol. Svo. Boston. 183.>. New Jerusalem Magazine. 2 vols. Svo. Boston. 18.35-4. Liberal Preacher. 1 vol. Svo. Sermons by Rev. .\. Bancroft. 1 vol. Svo. Worcester. 1822. American Journal of Geology and Natural Science. 1831. 1 vol. Svo. Analogy of Religion. 1 vol. Svo. Hartford. 1S19. Bible News. 1 vol. Svo. Boston. 1812. Worshi)) and Love of God. 1 vol. 12mo. Naturalists' Pocket Book. 1 vol. 12mo. Unitarian Mis- cellany. lvol.l2mo. Insect Architecture. 1 vol. 16mo. Insect Tran.sformation. 1 vol. IGmo. Formation of the Christian Character. 1 vol. 18mo. Times of the Saviour. 1 vol. Kimo. Christian Jlonitor. 1 vol. ISmo. Alphabet of Insects. 1 vol. ISmo. History of Insects. 1 vol. Ifimo. New Church Doctrine. 1 vol. 12ni<>. The Pursuit of Knowledge. 1 vol. 12ino. Packaim). a. S., Jk. The Development of LImulus Polyphemus by donor. Riches, \V. S., of Columbus, Ohio. Cincinnati Directories lor 18.")7-8. 2 vols. Svo. Ohio .State Register. l.s.")7. 1 vol. Svo. C. C. C. and I. It. R. (Jazelteer. 1870-1. 1 vtd. 8\"«). Columbus Directories, 18.").'). 18;i7-8, lS'>!)-70. St.vi'e Board oe Health oe Massachusetts. Tliird Annual Uei)ort. Jan. 1S72. Svo pamph. Si-.MXEU, Chaules, of U. S. .Senate. Si)eech of, in U. S. Senate. Feb. 28, l!^72. U. S. LiBUAUV OE CoxGKES.s. Catalogue of Books added to the Library of Congress in 1870. 1 vol. 4to. Congressional Directory, 42d Congress, 2d Session. Svo pamph. Yeomans, W\i. II., of Colnmbia, Conn. I'ul)lic and Private Acts and Uesolu- tions of Conn, for Is<(2-I8(i4. Mi^cellancou - pamphlets, 48. 47 By Exchanfje. Amekicax Antiqi'arias Society, Worcester. Proceertings of, Oct. 21, 1871. No. 57. 8vo panijih. Kew Jeusey Historical Society. Proceedingrs of, Yol. II. No. 4. 1871. New Yoijiv Lyceum of NATinjAr. History. Annuls of. Vol. X., Nos. 4-.">. PuULisiiEUS. American Naturalist, (.'liristiau 'VVorlcl. Gardiier'.s Montlily. Gloucester Telejn"iph. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Clironicle. Essex County Mercury. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Ti-anscript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Sailors' Mag- azine and Seamen's Friend. Salem Observer. Shoe and Leather Journal. Sothe- ran's Catalogue. Western Lancet. ESSEX COUNTY SPIDERS. J. II. Emerton exhibited his collection of spiders from the neighborhood of Salem and gave a general account of the classification of spiders, illustrated by sketches of some of our common species. The collection contained some eight hundred specimens, representing one hundred and sixty species of the following suborders : — Orbitelarise (round web spiders) 29 species. Retitelarise (net spiders) 33 " Tiibitelarise (tube spiders) 43 " Citig-radae (wolf spiders) 19 " SaltigradiB (jumping spiders) 20 " Laterigradte (crab spiders) 16 " The Orbitelarins were represented by the large black and yellow Epeira rqoaria Hentz, one of our most con- spicuous spiders which can hardly escape the notice of any one who goes into the country in August, by Epeira vuhjarls, the brown and gray spider, Avhich spins round webs everywhere about our yards and barns, Epeira tri- folhim, one of our largest Epeiras, with round purple abdomen marked with white spots, and the less familiar species with thorny and odd shaped abdomens, Epeira' siellaia and spiinea. Among the Retitelaria) were Theridion vulgare Hentz, perhaps the most common of all onr house spiders whose webs occupy the corners of our rooms at all. seasons, and 48 our common LinypJiia marmarata, L. communis, and L. costcda, conspicuous by their bright colors and curious and complicated webs. Of the Tubitelarise perhaps the most familiar was the common Agelena naevia Hentz, whose webs are seen on dewy mornings almost covering the grass in our fields, each web sloping toward a tube in which the spider waits. Among the Citigradaa were some specimens of Lycosa CaroUnensis Hentz, the largest of the group, whose feet extend over three inches. One of these was caught in Saugus and another in Andover. The SaltigradfB were represented by our little gray jumping spider, Ejyiblemum faustum Hentz, which is seen on walls in the sunshine running with equal facility backward, forward or sideways, and our h\rge gray Attus which may be found at almost any season, in thick white cocoons under stones. The Laterigradi* included the large white Thomisus fartus Hentz, which lives on flowers in gardens and is often brought into the house upon them, and the dingy gray Thomisus vulgaris Hentz, so common on fences, where it can hardly be distinguished from uni)ainted wood. The collection was arranged in tube bottles which were pinned by the corks in trays. Regular Meeting, Monday, ArniL 1st, 1872. The President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. The Secuetauv announced the following additional correspondence : — 49 From ITeniy A. Brcefl. Lynn. Mch. 20; J. J. H. Gregory, Marblcliead, Mcli. 20: J. C. Holmes. Detroit. Mich.. March 18; Yeonians. William II.. Columbia. Conn.. March 22; Augsburg Naturhistorischcr Verein, Dec. i; Uern, Die Xaturforscliemle Gesellschaft. Dec; Boston Public Lil)rary. March 18, 22; Cincinnati Public Library, Jlch. 20, 27; Konigsberg, Physikalisch occonomische Gesellschalt. Dec. 10; Lisboune, Academic lloyale dcs Sciences. Oct. .5; Mans, Soci(5te d' Agriculture Sciences et Arts. Nov. 20; Neuchatel. Society des Sciences Naturelles, Nov. 24; Wien. Kai.~erliclie Akadcmie. des Wisseuschaften, Jan'y 7; Zurich, Xaturfor- schendc Gesellschaft. Aug. IS. The LiBRARi.vx reported the following additions : — Bij Donation. BOLLES. E. C. Address of J. A. Bolles. L.L.D., delivered at the fiftieth Annual Commencement of the National Medical College, Mch. 7. 1872. Brooks, Hexuy M. Tristram Shandy, 3 vols. lOmo. Vicar of Wakefield, 1 vol. 16mo. ^Management of the Tongue. 1 vol. lOmo. Poetical Works of Oliver Gold- smith, 1 vol. lijmo. llistoire de Charles XII. 1 vol. Ifinio. Federal Calculator, 1 vol. 12mo. Triumiihs of Temper. 1 vol. 16mo. Trials of a School Girl, 1 vol. IGmo. Handbook i Takling. 1 vol. 12mo. Prophecy of Dante, 1 vol. IGmo. Lara, 1 vol. IGmo. Miscellaneous pamphlets. 12. BUTLEIJ. n. F.. of U. S. II. U. Carpenter's Speech in U. S. Sen.. Feb. 29. 1872. Report of the Department of Agi-iculture for Feb., 1872. Harlan's Speech in U. S. Sen.. Feb. 28. 1872. Cabot, Joseph S. American Turf Register, 9 vols. 8vo. Scriptores Romani, 21 vols. 12mo. Southern Review, 5 vols. 8vo. New York Review, 8 vols. 8vo. Mass. Register & U. S. Calendar, 1808-1838, .35 vols. 16mo. Universal Magazine, 3 vols. 8vo. Henry's Chemistry. 2 vols. 12mo. Stewart on the Mind, 1 vol. Svo. Southern Review, .5 nos. Ncav York Review, 4 nos. Deiwrtmext (jf Tire Interior, Washington, D. C. Statistics of Population. Ninth Census. 1870. Tables I-VIII. 1 vol. 4to. HoE.MES, John C, of Detroit. Midi. Twentieth Annual Report of the Board of Water Commissioners of Detroit for 1871. Levette. G. M., of Indianapolis, Ind. Geological Survey of Indiana by E. T. Cox. 1 vol. Svo. Little. BRO^\'^' & Co., of Boston. Divinity of Christ. 1 vol. IGmo. Boston, 1872. Ne.vl. Tiieo. a. Fleet's Almanack, 1792. I vol. IGmo. Postes de France, 1785. 1 vol. IGmo. Secret.\kv of State of Mass. Mass. Public Documents for 1870, 4 vols. 8vo. Acts and Resolves of Mass. passed in 1871. 1 vol. Svo. UxKxowx. Annual Report of the Selectmen of Wenham. Y'ear ending Feb. 16. 1872. Annual Report of the School Committee of Wenham. Y'ear ending Mch., 1872. ' Woodman. Cyrus, of Cambridge. Records of the Proprietors of Narraganset Township, No. I (now the Town of Buxton), 1733-1811. 1vol. Svo. Privately printed. By Exchange. Akciiiv der Anthropoeogie (Hrsg V. A. Ecker, L. Lindenschmit) in Braun- schweig. Band V, Heft 1. 4to pamph. 1871. Crosse et Fischer. Journal de Conchyliologie. 3e Serie. Tome .\i. No. 4. INSTITUT National Genevois in GenJive. Bulletin, No. 35, Vol. xvi, pp.225 385. 1870. Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 7 50 KOVtGLTCH PIIVSIK.Vr.tSCH-OKONOMISCHE GESELLSCIIAFT IN KoXIGSBERG. Scliriften. 18!iO-1870. inc. 1(J paniplilets. 4to. Mass. Agricultukal College, Amheist. Xiath Annual Report of the Trus- tees of. Jan., 1872. IMiNNESOTA HiSTOKiCAL SOCIETY. Annual Repovt of, 1871. Naitrfokschexde Gesellschaft IN" Bern. Mittlu'ilungcn, No. 711-744, 1871. Natl'rforsciiende Gesellschaft in Freiisurg. Foitschrift Iieiau.-^gegeben ziir Feier des fUiifzig jahrigen Jubliliiuni.s. Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Zurich. Vierteljnhrsschrift. Jahrg. xv. 1870. 4 paniplilets. lime. Naturiiistorischer Verein in Augsburg. Berieht, 1871. Physikaliscii-medicinische Gesellschaft in Wurzhurg. Veihandlimgen None Folge. ii Band, .3 Heft. SociETl?: D'ACCLIMATION. Bulletin Mensuel. Tome viii. 2nie. Sdrie Jan.-Xov., 1871. 6 panii)hlets, 8vo. La Production Aniniale et Vegetale, Svo panipli. . SociETE DES Sciences Xaturelles in Neuchatel. Bulletin, Tome ix, ler Caliier. Publishers. American Chemist. Essex County i^Iercury. Gloucci^ter Tele- graph. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Observer. Mr. James Kimball read a copy of a contract, which he had found among the county records, between an inhab- itant of Salem and the town of Sayl)rook, Conn., the for- mer to furnish the latter with a pair of colors for the mil- itary com[)any of the town in 1G75. Thes presents witness y* I, Samuel Crampton of Salem, doe inpfage to furnish y*^ towne of Saybrook, in y*" county of New London, with a pr of collures Htt for y^ company ; of dtibble sarsnet, red, with a white Held to shew the red cross; a flao; staf and tassells sutablc. To be sent the first opportunity after the first of May next, & njioii y^recei[)t whereof wee, whose names are underwritten, doe ingage to i)ay unto y^ sd Samuel Crampton, or his order, the sum of five pounds in pease & rye at three shillings per bushel, provided y^ y*^ sd collures be of y^' sd "kind, one & three quarters on y^ staft*, two yds. & one quarter florish, with a blew ball in y*^ sd collures, which sd pai- ment is to be made at or before the first day of Oct. next insuing y'^' date hearof, as witness our hands this 30th JNIarch, 1G75. AViLLIAM Pn.VTT, N Abraham Po.st. 51 I untlerwritton doe bind myselfe & heires to pay or cause to be paid to Samuel Cranii)ton of Salem or his assigns the just sum of" four pounds & Six pence in pailes at 10s. a dozen, t^- half bushels at 20s. per dozen, to be delivered at ]\Iiddleton at y^" landina* place by Goodman Seaseaire at or before the last of Sept. after y'' date herof. March 27, 1()75. John Willock. I underwritten bind myselfe & heires to pay Samuel Crampton of Salem six bushels & one half of indian corue to be delivered at Wetherslield landina" place at or before, &c. March 24, 1675. Samuel Butler. Nathaniel Graye also binds himself to pay the same as Samuel Butler. Entered as a memorandum or caution per me Hillard Vercu, Recorder, this 28 d. 8 mo., :76. Reg. Deeds, Book 4, Leaf 414. The red cross with Avhich this banner was to be pro- vided called up the story of Endicott and the red cross as graphically related by Hawtliorne in his "Twice Told Tales," — the act of Endicott, in tearing the cross from the banner, showing his republican instinct was bold and defiant. The ^Massachusetts Records were also quoted, showing the action of the General Court then held at "Xew Towne," censuring Endicott for his act, and pro- hibiting him from holding office for a year. He protested against the action, and it w;is then voted that he be com- mitted for contempt in protesting ; but, upon an acknowl- edgment of his offence, he was dismissed. These records constitute the foundation of Hawthorne's graphic story. It was that spirit of. liberty which was abroad in Massa- chusetts and which, from time to time, thus .cropped out. 52 that caused, at the hands of the mother countiy, the inil)()sili()ii of those oaths of allegiance required of all judicial officers, sheriffs and other officials in the provin- cial period of our history. The following were read, as illustrations of the same : — OATHS APPOINTED TO P>E TAKEN INSTE.VD OF THE OATHS OF AELEGIANCE AND SUPREMACY: AND DECLAPtATION. I A. B. Do sincerely Promise and Swear, That I will be faithful and hear true Allegiance to His Majesty KING GEORGE. So Help me GOD . I A. B. Do Swear, That I do from my Heart, abhor, detest and abjure as Impious and Heretical, that damnable Doctrine and Position, that Princes Excommunicated, or deprived by the Pope or any Authority of the See of Rome, may be Deposed or Murthered by their Sul)jects, or any other whatsoever ; And I do declare that no For- ein Prince, Person, Prelate, State or Potentate, hath or ought to have any Jurisdiction, Power, Superiority, Pre- eminence or Authoritv, Ecclesiastical or Spiritual, within the Kealm of GREAT BRITAIN. So Help me GOB. I A. B. Do solemnly and sincerely in the presence of GOD, Profess, Testify and Declare, That I do believe that in the Sacrament of the LORDS SUPPER, there is not any Transubstantiation of the Elements of Bread and ^Yine into the Bodij and Blood of CHRIST, at or nftcr the Consecration thereof by any Person whatsoever : And that the Invocation or Adoration of the Virgin Mari/, or any other Saint, and the Saci'itice of the 3I(iss, as they are now used in the Church of Rome, arc Superstitious and Idolatrous. And I do solenndy in the Presence of GOD, Profess, Testify and Decliire, Tliat I do make this Declaration and every part thereof, in the ])l,iin :ind ordi- nary sense of^ the Words Read unto me, as they are com- 53 moiily uiulorstood by Enr/Jii^h Protestants, ^vitllollt niiy Evat^ion, Kcniivocation or mental Ixescivation wliatsocvcr ; and witlionl any Dispensation already granted me for this purpose by the Pope or any Authority or Person whatso- ever; or without any Hope of any sueh Dispensation from any Authority or Person whatsoever, or without Thinkino; that I am or can be aecinitted before GOD or ]\Ian, or absolved of this Declaration or any Part thereof, although the Pope or any other Person or Persons or Power whatsoever, should dispense. Avith or annul the same, or declare that it was null and void from the besfiu- nuig. Jos. AVOLCOT. SALE3I, y*' 2Gth of March, 1722. Josiah "Wolcot, Esq., personally appearing, took the several Oaths f)f Allegiance & Supremacy & subscribed the above Declaration with the Oath of Abjuration. And also was sworn to the due performance of his office of one of the Justices of his Maj'tys Peise & Court of Comon Pleas for the County of Essex. Taken before us, John Turner, \ ''^ ^''"^ ^^=*J^^^^^' * C*^^>"^^^' Theophilus Burrill. Jurat the 21st day of May, 1722. T. ,. BeNJ. LyNDE, > ^ , . Ttr • i j /-i m Before us, ^^^^ Turner, \ "^ ^^^* ^lajesty's Council. Wm. Gedney. Salem, Essex, ss. Jurat the 19th day of July, 1722. Cor, Bex.t. Lynde, > <• , • ^r • ^- » /-. -i John Turner, \ ''^ ^^'^ Majesty s Councd. John Williams. Essex, s^, Salem, the 7th of Aug't, 1722. ]Mr. John AVilliams personally appearing took the sev- eral Oaths & Declarations above, with the Oath of AI>ju- 54 ration & was also Sworn to his Office of Deputy SlierilT of the County of Essex. ,-, ,. Bi:xj. Lyndk, , t- 1 • Ai • + ' n Betore us, x t^ . <Ji ^^^^ AiMiostv s L-o ' John Iukneh, ^ '' ouncii I A. B. Do truly niid sincerely Acknowledge, Profess, Test! tie and Declare in my Conscience, before GOD and the World, That Our .Sovereign Lord KING GEORGE is Lawful and Kightful KING of the Realm of Great BrUahi and of all other His Majesties Dominions and Countries thereunto belonging; ( And I do solenudy and sincerely Declare, That I do believe in my Conscience, that the Person pretended to be Prince of Wales during the Life of the Late- King James^ and since his decease *|jretending to be, and taking upon himself the Stile and Title of King of Ewjhind, by the name of James the Third, hath not any Right or Title whatsoever to the Crown of the Realm of Great Britain, or any other the Dominions there-to belonging ; And 1 do Renounce, Re- fuse and AI)jure any Allegiance or Obedience to him. ) And I do Swear, That I will bear Faith and true Alle- giance to KING GEORGE, and Ilini will Defend to the utmost of my Power, against all Traiterons Conspira- cies and Attempts whatsoever against His Person, Crown,* or Dignity ; And I will do my utmost endeavor to dis- close or make know^n to His Majesty and His Successors, all Treasons and Traiterons Conspiracies which I shall know to be against Him or any of them ; And I do faith- fully promise to the utmost of my Power, to Support, Maintain and Defend the Limitation and Succession of the Crown ( against him the said James, and all other Persons whatsoever ) as the same ( by an Act, Intituled, An Act for the farther Limifation of the Grown, and belter Securing the Ri'jhts and Liberties of the Subject) is and stands limited to the Princess Sophia, Eleclress and Dutchess-Dowager of Jlanover, and the Heirs of Her Body, l)eing Protestants. And all these Things I do plainly and sincerely Acknowledge* and Swear, according to these express words by me Spoken, and acconling to the Plain an(b Connnon Sense and rnderstanding of the 55 same "Words, without any Equivocation, .McMital Evasion, or Secret Reservation Avliatsoever. And I do make this Kecoirnition, Acknowledunieiit, Abjuration, Ixenunciation and Promise, Heartily, Willingly and Truely, upon the true Faith of a Cb.ristian. So Help me GOD. Jos. WOLCOT. Capt. the 2(): of March, 17l^2. Cor. Bex.t. Lynde, ) c \ • ^t - * ^ n i T rp > or his .Maiestv s Council. JOHX i UKNKIl. 5 Theopiiilus Burkill. Jurat the 21th day of May, 1722. ^ r. Bexj. Lyxde, ; ,. , . ,, . , , ^ ., . Before us, t t ? "i 1^'s Maiesty s Council. ' JOHX lUlEXER, 5 -^ -^ Wm. Gedxey. Essex, ss, Salem, 19th of July, 1722. Jurat, Cor. Bexj. Lyxde, } p i • ^t • . , r^ ., T .p Vol his Maiestv s Counci . JOHX lURNEK, 5 John Williams. Essex, ss, Salem, the 7th of Aug't, 1722. i\Ir. Jolm Williams took the above Oath before us, Bex.t. Lyxde, ') n ^ • ^^ ■ . , r^ -i T rp > ot his iMaiesty s Counci . JoHX lunxER, 3 -^ "^ Mr. F. W. PuTXAM read a communication from Coiimio- dore B. F. Sands of the United States Naval Observatory requesting the several scientific societies to memorialize congress for an appropriation t(; defray the expenses for a due observation of the Transit of Venus in December, 1874. Referred to a committee consisting of Messrs. Kiml)all, Uphani, and the chair to report at the next meeting. Adj. 56 Regular Meeting, Monday, April 15, 1872. President in the chaii". Records read. The Secretary announced the following correspon- dence : — From George Derby, Boston, April 3; J. Munsell, Albany, April 6; I). Van Nos- trand. New York. April 8; Baltimore, Peabody Iii.-titute, April 4; Boston Public Library, April 2; Buffalo Hittoi-ical Society, April ;J; Cincinnati Public Library, April;}, 4; Minnesota Historical Society, April i); New Jersey Historical Society, Mcli. 30; New York T.yceiim of Natural History, April 8; Ohio IIistori(;al and Phil- osophical Society, April 5. The Librarian reported tlie following additions : — • By Donation. Board OF Public Charities, Phila., Penn. Second Annual Report, 1871. 1 vol. 8vo. Department of the Interior, Washington, I). C. Statistics of Weaua, Tax- ation and Public Indebtedness. 4to panipli. 1871. FOSTEU, John, Boston. History of the Foster Family, of Ipswich. 1 vol. 8vo. Gakfikld, J. A., ISI. C. Sniitlisonian Report, 1870. 1 vol. 8vo. MUXSELL, Joel, of Albany, N. Y. Chips for tlie Chimney Corner. 1 vol. lOmo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 28. Office of the Chief of Exgineers, U. S. A. Report of the Chief of Engi- neers, 1871. 1 vol. 8vo. Parker, Wm. B. A Golden Chaine, or the Description of Theologie. 1 vol. 4to London. 103.5. Pe.vijouv Lirrary, of Georgetown, Mass. Report of the Trustees, 1872. Pkiiky, Rev. W. S., of Geneva, N. Y. Papers relating to tlie History of tlie Church of Penn^ylvania, 1080-1778. 1 vol. 4to. Privately printed. SHicri'AKD. John H., Boston. Sketch of Commodore Sam'l Tucker and Descrip- tion of tlie New Masonic Temple in Bo.-ton. 8vo pamph. 1872. By Exchange. Alrany Institute. Pioceedings of the. Vol. i, Pt. H. 1871. Bosro.v Society of Natural History. Proceedings. Vol. xiv, sigs. 8-14. HiSTOUICAL AXl) PllILO.SOl'HICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO. Jourual. Vol. i, Pt. I. 1872. New England Historical and ciENEALOGiCAL Society. Register and Jour- nal for April, 1872. New Jersey HiSTOUICAL Society. Collections of. Vol. 7. 1 vol. 8vo. 1872. New Voiuv Genealogical and Biogr.\1'Hical Society. Cieuealogical and Biographical Record for Apr., 1872. Veumont State Lihuaky. Transactions of t!ie Vermont Dairymen's .\ssocia- tion, 1870-1. PunLisHERS. American Naturalist. Cliristian World. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegrapli. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. L;ind and Water. Lawrence American. Little (Jianl. l.,ynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Observer. BULLETIN OF THE Vol. 4. Salem, Mass., Mat, 1872. No. 5. One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Siujfle Copy. Eegular Meeting, Monday, April 15, 1872. [ Con tinned .] OX THE TRANSIT OF YEXUS. The committee to whom was referred the resolution offered by ^Nlr. F. W. Ptituam at the last meeting of the Institute to memorialize Congress for an appropriation to defray the necessary expenses of observations of the approaching Transit of Venus REPORT That this sul)ject has received the favorable considera- tion of sever.-d of the European govei'nments, and prepara- tions are being made by them for a thorough observation of the coming Transit of Venus, whicli will occur on December 8, 1874. In Russia, whose territory presents many favorable points for observation of the phenomenon, a committee, organized by Prof. Striive, has had under ^consideration, during the past two years, the establish- ment of a chain of observers at positions one hundred miles apart along the region between Kamtschatka and EssKx IxsT. Bulletin. iv 8 58 the Black Sea. The principal astronomers of Germany have held two conferences, each of several days' dura- tion, which have resulted in a decision to furnish four stations for heliometric observation of the planet during its transit ; one of these will be in Japan or China, and the others probabl}' at iNIauritius, Kerguelen's and Auckland Islands, and some of these will also be equipped for photographic observations. A French commission on the subject sat before the war, and reported to the Bureau cles Long-itudes that it was desirable for their government to provide for observing stations at Saint Paul's Islands and Amsterdam, Yokohama, Tahita, Noumea, Mascate and Suez. Lately the Academy of Sciences has applied to the Government for the requisite funds. The British preparations are probably more advanced than those of any other country. The astronomer royal first called attention to the transit in 1857, and again in 1864. In 1868 he begtm to shape definite plans, selected the ob- serving stations, and opened communications with the Government upon the financial requirements of the under- taking. In view of these facts it is desirable that the United States Congress, though having appointed a commission at its last session, should at an early day make provision that will enable this commission to place a corps of obser- vers in the field, provided with suitable apparatus and abundant means to conduct in a pro})er manner the ol)scr- vations of this approaching transit of Venus. It will require time to arrange the apparatus, some of which will undoubtedly have to be made for the occasion — conferences will be essential with the observers of other countries, so that the plans of observation niiy be in strict harmony with each other, and, before the j)osi- tions are finally decided upon, the intentions of the other nations should l)e fully known. The ^je/'.soM«e? of the various observing expeditions should be agreed upon and commence practice with the • time and position instruments. At Woolwich a tempo-^ rary observatory has l)een fitted u[), with the object of forming a ihore accessible school of observation. At the 59 several positions the erection of tcnipoi-ary observatories will be required, and a r'esidcnce of the observers for three or four months to ascertain the absolute local time of the phenomenon and the exact longitude. This accord- ingly increases the extent of [preparation . Your committee would recommend the adoption of the followins: memorial and resolves : — To the Honorable Senate and House of Rejjresentatives in Congress assembled : The Essex Institute, an organization located at Salem, in the State of Massachusetts, for the promotion of Sci- ence, Literature and the Arts, respectfully menKn'ialize your Honorable Bodies to take into consideration the pro- priety of granting a suitable appropriation to enable the scientific corps connected Avith the Executive Branch of the Government, and such others as may be associated with them, to make a thorough and accurate observation of the approaching transit of Venus. Resolved, That the Pi-esident and Secretary l)e author- ized to sign the above memorial in behalf of the Essex Institute and that the Secretary transmit the same, with a certified copy of the doings of the Institute in relation thereto, to the Hon. B. F. Butler, the Representative in Congress from this district, with a request to present the same and to use all proper means to secure a tavoral:)le consideration of this measure. H. Wheatland, ^ James Kimball, > Committee. AY. P. Upham, ) ANCIENT TOPOGRAPHY OF SALEM. Ja:\ies Kimball, Esq., exhibited a map showing the old topography of Salem and presented the results of a careful examination of the early records of the county of Essex, for the purpose of gleaning a class of historical 60 facts hitherto neglected, and tending to give us a clearer insight into the early history of the first settlement at Salem, more especially in reference to the ancient toijog- -I'aphy of its territory, its development and adaptation to the wants and uses of civilized life. ]Mr. Kimball has devoted considerable time in gather- ing up and placing upon record these fragmentary portions of our history, which, as each generation passes away, will become more and more obscure and difficult to be deter- mined, unless they are rendered more enduring than the imperfect and decaying records of those early da3's, or the failing memories of those aged persons who are fast passing from our midst. These efforts to preserve a val- uable department of our local history will nndouljtedly induce others to continue the examination, so that, in the future, we may be able to present to the historian mate- rials for a full and perfect history of Salem, that shall be a worthy tribute to the memories of the early settlers of Naumkeke. This communication, one of a series which ]Mr. Kim- ball has in preparation, elucidating portions of our local history, was referred to the committee on Publications to be printed in the "Historical Collections." A committee, consisting of Messrs. James Kimball, W. P. Upham, Caleb Cooke, Wm. Neilson and John Robin- son, was appointed to nominate a list of officers to be bal- loted for, at the annual meeting. Edward Dean of Salem was elected a resident member. 61 Regular Meetixg, ]\roNDAY, May Otii, 1872. The President in the chair. Records of the preceding meeting read. The Secretary annonnced the following correspon- dence : — From B. F. Biitlef, "Waphingrton, April 28; R. Planning Chiiiman, Lisbon. Conn- April 9; C. H. Goss, Salem, April 18; J. D. VT. French, Boston, April 26; J. Mun- scll, Albanj-, X. Y., April 23. 30; The Nation, New York, April 18; L. R. Stone, Newton. April; Americau Geographical Society. April 9, 19; Cincinnati Public Library, April 19, 21; St. Petersburg. Societe Efttomologie c\e Russie. Feb. 23; Wasliiugton, Smithsonian Institution, April 24, 29. The Librarian reported the following additions : — By Donation. BorxES, E. C. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 10. Butler, B. F., M. C. Moore's Speech in U. S. H. R.. April G, 1872. Sawyer's Speech in U. S. Sen., April 17, 1872. Sargeut's Speech in U. S. H. R., April 18. 1872. FOLGER, Wm. C, of Hyighani, Mass. Miscellaneous Town Reports. C. FOOTE, C.\LEn. Files of several County papers for Feb., Mch., Apr., 1872. Gould, Jons H., of Topsficld. Crusii Moral, 1 vol. Timo. Leipsic, 1744. Tri- bune Almanacs. 8 nos. American Almanacs. 4 nos. Les Comedies de Terence. 1 vol. Kimo. Halle. 1720. H.VYDEX. Br. F. V. List of Elevations and Distances west of the Mississippi River. 12mo pamph. KxiGHT. B. Locke's Essays. 1 vol. 8vo. Campbell on Rhetoric. 2 vols. 8vo. Cousins' Psychology. 1 vol. 12 mo. Macy's Exploration of the Red River. 1vol. 8vo. Insects Injurious to Vegetation. 1vol. 8vo. Report of the President and Directors of the Pitt.'^burgh & Boston Mining Company. Jan.. 1849. 1 vol. 12mo. Report of tlie Superintendent of the U. S. Coast Survey for 18.i3. 1 vol. 4to. Lee. John C. Commercial Bulletin, Mch. 30, April 13, 20. May 4, 1872. Manxixg, Robert. Missionarj^ Herald. 128 nos. Home Missionary Journal. 41 nos. New England Farmers and Gardeners' Journal. 208 nos. Palfray, C. W. Miscellaneous pamphlets. 10. Peabodv. Mrs. Fk.\xcis. Journal of the American Unitarian Association. 37 nos. Every Saturday, 18 nos. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 27. Perry. Rev. W. S. of Geneva, N. Y. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 6. Stoxe, Hexry, Wa.shington. D. C. Laws of Philadelphia. 1 vol. 8vo. Phila. 18S0. Laws and Ordinances of Boston. 18.5(5, 1 vol. 8vo. Ordinances of Baltimore, . 1&58, 1 vol. 8vo. Corporation Ordinances of New York. 18.59, 1 vol. 8vo. Statute Laws of Louisville, 1857, 1 vol. 8vo. Revised Charter of Buffalo. 18.5G, 1 vol. 8vo. Laws and Ordinances of Cincinnati, 18.59, 1 vol. 8vo. Acts of Tennessee, 1865, 18a5-e. lSfi7-8. 1868-9, 4 vols. 8vo. Senate Journal of Tennessee, 18a5-rt, 1868-9, 2 vols.,8vo. House Journal. 1805, 1868-9.2 vols.. 8vo. Journal of the Assembly of Ne\vfoundland, 1868, 1 vol. 4to. Laws of North Carolina and Tennessee, 18.50, 1 vol. 12mo. Laws of Nashville, 1860, 18G5, 2 vols. 12mo. Ordinances, of Richmond. 1859 62 1 vol. 12mo. Xashville Directories 1855-C, 1857, 1850, 3 vols. 12mo., 18G5, 1806, 1837. 18C8, 1869, 5 vols. 8vo. rditical Text Book, 1860, 1 vol. 8vo. American Museum, 1 vol. 8vo. Directory of New York, 1866. 1 vol. 8vo. Memoir of H. L. White, 1 vol. 8vo. Pitkin on Commerce. 1 vol. ]2mo. Directories of Cities in the Wett and South, 1867-8. 1 vol. 4to. History of England. 1 vol. 8vo. Biography of .Sam'l Lewis. 1vol. 12mo. The Heavenly Pathway. 1 vol. 12iho. How to get a Farm. 1 vol. 12mo. Ten Acres Enough. 1 vol. 12mo. Bayonet Exercises for the Army. 1 vol. 12mo. Genealogy of the Mudge Family, 1638-1868. 1 vol. 8vo. Con- stitutional Convention. 1vol. 8vo. Bankers' Magazine, 1851-2, 1 vol. 8vo. Smith- .•^onian Reports, 1865, 18G6. 2vols. 8vo. Patent Ollice Reports. 1851-2, 1865. 2 vols. Svo. Department of Agriculture, 1867. 1 vol. 8vo. Memphis Eiots, 1866. 1 vol. Svo. Miscellaneous pampldcts, 50. SUMNEK Chas., Of U. S. S. Two Protests of C. Sumner. Mch. 26, 27, 1872. 8vo. By Exchange. Cixcixx.\Ti Public Library* Geological Survey of Ohio for 1870. 1 vol. Svo. Historical Society of Penxsylvaxia. Discourse on the Inauguration of the Xew Hall, Mch. 11, 1872, by John W. Wallace. 8vo pamph. Publishers. American Naturalist. Canadian Naturalist. Essex County Mercury. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Clironicle. Land & AVater. LtXwrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Pavilion. Peabody Press. Quarritch's Catalogue. Salem Observer. Western Lancet. ' ANCESTRY OF SUSANNAH INGERSOLL. The President read extracts from a» nianuscript ser- mon of the E.ev. Dr. William Beiitley of the East Church, Salem, whicii was delivered in December, 1811, on the occasion of the death of Mrs. Susannah Ingersoll, pre- senting a veiy graphic yet brief notice of the ancestry of the deceased in the line of descent from Eichard Hollings- worth, one of the primitive settlers, — son William IIol- lingsworth, daughter Mary, the wife of Philip English, daughter Susannah, who married John Touzell, daughter Susannah, the wife of John Ilathorne and mother of the subject of this notice. For a more extended account see "Hi.st. Coll. of Essex In.stitute," Vol. xi, page 228. THE FAIRFAX AND IIATIIORNE HOUSE. Reference was made by the President to the old house on the corner of Essex and Cambridge streets, in process of being taken down to erect on its site a more elegant structure. The original part of this house was built about 63 1685 l)y Benjamin Marston, the land having been pur- chased, some live years previous, of Jonathan Nealc, who received it by inheritance, l)eing an heir to the estate of Francis Lawes.* Mr. Marston sold the estate, Feb. 24, 1701-2, to James Menzies,! formerly of Boston, then of Salem, who after- wards conveyed it to Philip English, and Philip English, July 25, 1724, to his daughter Susannah, the wife of John Touzcll;:!: and from her it passed to her daughter Mary, the wife of William Ilathorne, and for many years it was in the possession of that family, and known as the Plathorne House. The original part is about fifteen feet from the street. Additions have been made from time to time, — lirst, a two story store on the western part of the front, and afterwards, within the remembrance of several now living, that on the eastern part, three stories in height ; at the same time the first addition was made of the same height. In the takiui:: down of this interesting relic of the olden times, the various alterations and addi- tions were traced from the original with its projecting second story, and lean-to in the rear, to the building as we last beheld it. With this, as with many of our old houses, interesting associations are connected. In this house § lived William Fairfax, during his residence in * See Essex Reg. Deeds, Book i2. fol. 25!;. t See Essex Reg. Deeds, Book 1.5, fol. 51. t See Bulletin of Essex lustitute. Vol. 1, page 7.5. Essex Reg. Deeds. Book .5, fol. 28.3. §Tlie following deposition from the manuscripts on file in the Library of the In- stitute conlirms this tradition: — '•Tlie Deposition of Cliristian Swasey, formerly Christian Legroe wlio Saith That , about live years ago slie Lived witli Capt. Jolm Touzell and Susanna his wife in tlie House Mr. Fairfax now dwells in in Salem, and that Mr. Phillip English, tlie Fatlier of t!ie said Susannah Then dwelt with Them in said House, and That She Then & Tliere att Diverse Times heard tlie said Pliillip English Say to his Daugh- ter Susannah Touzell I give you all my Household goods and att Several Times when he said So He also bid Her fetch it up Every Thmg from his House to Her Hou.-e, To which She Replied She had not House Room Enough U> Hold it and 64 Salem as collector of the port. William Fairfax, son of Henry Fairfax and grandson of Henry, the fourth Lord Fairfax, "was born in IGDl. He served in the British army, and was stationed for a time at St. Helena, and subsequently at the Bahamas, where he married Sarah, daughter of Major Walker, and was appointed Chief Justice of the Island. About the year 1725, on account of the imhealthiness of the climate, he removed to New England, having received the appointment of collector of customs of this port. In 1731 his wife died, leaving him four children, one of whom, Anne, born in Salem, married Lawrence Washington and afterwards George Lee. William Fairfax subsequently married Deborah Clark, daughter of Francis and Deborah (Gedne}'') Clark, of Salem. In 1734 he accepted the ofier, to be the super- intendent of the estates, of his cousin Thomas, the sixth Lord Fairfax, who had become the proprietor of the northern neck of Virginia, through his mother, Avho was Catherine, daughter of Lord Culpepper. He soon after removed from Salem, and at first took up his residence in Westmoreland County, but subsequently removed to a plantation called Bolvoir, fourteen miles below Alexan- dria. He was collector of his majesty's customs for the South Potomac, and for some time President of the Council of Virginia. He died Sept. 3, 1757, aged sixt}-- Tliat about four years Since They all removed Down to tlie House ■\vliore Tliey now Live, and Tliat slic olten Times since Ikis lie:iv<l the said En;j:lisli Say Ue liad Given all his Household Goods to his Daus'hter Tou/.ell I'or lier and her (Jhihlrcn. The Mark. ClIKISTIAN X SWASEV. Essex, 88. Salem, An;?. 2, 17;i-2. Then Christian Swascy made oath to the truth of the nforefroinji Deposition (I'hillip lOiif^-lish. jun., and Wm. Browne heinj; present at the Ca)ition wlio objected tliat their Father Mr. I'liillip Kuf^hsli .Sen. liatli not for these several ye:irs jiast been of a sound and l)isi)oseing mind) and this evidencp is Taken to be in I'eipet- IJkx.j. Lvndk. JJk.nj. Lyndk, Jun. Justice of ( )uoruui unus. 05 five 3'cars. Of several children l)y the second marriage, Brvan became afterwards the eighth Lord Fairfax ; Wil- liani died at Quebec in 1759, a lieutenant in the British army ; and Hannah married Warner Washington, a nephew of General Washington. THE RATTLE OF THE IJATTLESXAKE. ^Ir. F. W. Putnam gave a description of the structure of the horny appendage to the tail of many snakes, especially developed in the genus of Rattlesnakes, and controverted the idea of natural selection having anything to do with its peculiar development. He also thought that the supposition that the rattle was a benefit to the snake, as a means of enticing birds, by its sound imitating that made by the Cicada, as suggested by a writer in a late number of the "Xaturalist," could not be accepted. The Cicada was not a ground insect, and was comparatively rare, even among the trees, in such localities as Ave re most frequented by the rattlesnake. Secondly, the sound made by the snake was very slight under ordinary circum- stances, and the rattle was not sounded to any extent unless the snake was disturbed b}^ some cause. His own o])servations on these snakes, in their natural habitat, led him to believe that it was not at all their nature to set up a rattling for the sake of enticing birds to them, l)ut that they would slowly and cautiously approach their victim, or else lie in wait ready to give the fatal spring upon anything that came near. He believed that the rattle was in reality a detriment to the snake, except in so far as it served to call the sexes together which, from the unsocial habits of the species, he thought was most likely its true function. Essex Ixst. Bulletin. iv 9 66 Annual Meeting, Wednesday, May 8th, 1872. According to the notification, the meeting was held at 3 p. M. The President in the chair. Records read. The annual reports of the officers and of the curators were read and accepted, and from them the accompanying RETROSPECT FOR THE YEAR, exhibiting a satisfactory condition of affairs and a gradual development of the plans and objects of the Institute, has been compiled. Members. Changes occur in the list of members — l)y the addition of new names and the withdrawal of some by resignation, removal from the county, or b}- death. In this connection, notices of three of our associates, who have deceased within the year, are inserted. W. II. A, Putnam^ son of Eben and Elizabeth (Apple- ton) Putnam, died at Salem, Aug. 30th, 1871, in the thirty-ninth year of his age. From the age of fourteen until the year preceding his death he had led a sailor's life, making many voyages to the East Indies, Europe, Australia, and the Pacific coast of America, as master or factor. During these voyages he collected, very extensively, specimens in all departments of zoology, which have greatlj''. enriched the museums at Salem and Cambridge. J. Willard Peele, son of Willard and Margaret (Apple- ton) Peele, died at his seaside residence in Beverly, Sept. 2i)th, 1871, aged sixty-seven years. In early life he went to Manila and established the house of Peele. Ilubbell vSi Co., where he resided many years. He returned to this country about 1845, and has since 'resided in Salem, except duiMng the last three or four years in lioston. 67 Benjamin Cox, son of Benjamin and Sarah (Smith) Cox, born in Salem, Jan. 9th, 1806, gratluated at Har- vard Colleirc in 182G, studied medicine Avith Dr. A. L. Peirson and after reeeivinjr tlie degree of M. D., estab- lished himself in his native city, Avhere he obtained a large practice, wiiming the attachment of those to whom he ministered by his suavity of manners, genial disposition, and skill in his profession. Though always interested in passing events, he never mingled much in public life out- side the duties of his profession. He died Nov. 30th, 1871. 21ie meetings have been continued as usual. Three Field Meetings have been held, at Beverl}^ East Gloucester, and Rockville in Peabody. At the meeting in Beverly, the Wenham Pond and City Water Works were Visited and many kind attentions were extended by the Superin- tendent and his assistants. The cyclone or tornado, Avhich passed over the pond and extended through a part of Wenham on the Sunday preceding, was the sul)ject of remarks from ]VIr. A. W. Dodge, and the results of his observations, with the statement of Mr. D. H. Johnson, have been printed in the Bulletin. At the meeting in East Gloucester the citizens of the place were very attentive, especially the Rev. Mr. Gan- nett, the pastor of the church in which the meeting was held; who kindly, at our suggestion, prepared a very interesting history of the Baptist society in that place, which has been printed in the Bulletin. Messrs. Bolles, Johnson, Phii)pen, Emerton and others made extended remarks suggested by the various specimens collected during the forenoon rambles. It was deemed proper that meetings should occasionally be held in the vicinity of Ship Rock, Peabody, so that the members of the Institute might have an opportunity 68 to visit this remarkable boulder, which, with an acre of land adjacent, is the property of the Institute ; accordingly, one was held on Wednesday, August 2d. A cordial invitation was received to liold a meeting at Rowley during the month of September, but owing to peculiar and unusual circumstances it was deemed advis- able to postpone to another season. A special meeting was held on the evening of Sept. 5th to listen to the reading, by Judge Lord, of his memoir on the life and character of Mr. Huntington, ex-Presidcnt of the Institute. This paper has been printed in the eleventh volume of tlie "Historical Collections" and copies have been also struck olF in a separate form. The address was listened to with intense interest and was a faithful and correct delineation of Mv. Huntington's char- acter. Evenini? mectinsfs have been held on the first and third Monday evenings, except during the months of June, July, August and September. The meeting on Monday, Oct. 16th, Avas devoted principally to remarks upon the great loss which our sister institutions, the Chicago Historical Society and the Chicago Academy of Sciences, had sus- tainetl by the great conflagration that had devastated so large a portion of Chicago on the 8th, 9th and 10th of October, and in the destruction of their entire libraries and collections. Resolutions of sympathy and proffers of aid w^cre passed. A brief history of these Institutions w^as presented, with some account of their condition when visited by several members of the Institute in the month of August preceding. Papers or lectures have been communicated, by Dr. A. H. Johnson, on some Mementos from the Franco-German War; W. H. Foster, on Reminiscences of the Salem and Boston ^tage Company; Mr. F. W. Putnam, on the 69 Ancient Fortifications on the Wabash River, Indiana, and on the iMannnoth Cave of Kentucky and its Inliabitants ; A. C. Goodell, Jr., a sketch of the Legishition of Mass., the Provincial Period, and an account of the Puritan Hol- idays ; Rev, E. S. x\twood, on the Beuinnings and Growth of Language; Dr. A. S. Packard, on Insects Injurious to Vegetation noticed in this vicinity the past season ; J. J. H. Gregory, Esq., of Marblehcad, two lectures on the Result of his Observations (hiring a trip hy rail to Cali- fornia, his visit to Salt Lake City, Yosemite Valley, the Great Trees, etc. ; Hon. J. P. Putnam of the Superior Court, a very interesting and graphic account of the "Passion Play" at Ober-ammergau, which he witnessed in the summer of 1871 ; Mr. S. A. Nelson, of Georgetown, on the Meteorology of the White Mountains ; James Kim- ball, Esq., some account of the Judicial- Oaths in the Colonial Days in the interest of loyalty ; also, an interest- ing sketch of the Ancient Topography of Salem. Mr. James H. Emerton exhibited his Collection of Spiders and explained the system of classification and other inter- esting facts in their natural history. From others, many short communications and brief remarks were presented. The attendance on some of these occasions was very large, and the su])jects under discussion elicited a great degree of interest and attention. It may be deemed appropriate in this connection to allude to the lecture on Mt. Washington illustrated by the camera, delivered at the rooms by Mr. S. A. Nelson, and also a series of five lectures, on the Microscope and what it shows us, by our associate. Rev. E. C. Bolles ; these lectures were also illustrated by the lantern with the calcium light, which were very successfully manipulated with the assistance of ]Mr. E. Bickncll. It is to be hoped that lectures with illustrations of this character will be 70 ijiveu during the next season. This plan has thus far succeeded admirably in rendering the study of the sci- ences attractive. The library has received by donation and exchanges 1,046 bound volumes and 8,543 pamphlets, besides news- papers, manuscripts, etc., the donations from one hundred and ten individuals and twenty-six societies, the exchanges from ninety-six societies and incorporated bodies, of which sixty-four are foreign. From the editors of the "Ameri- cau Naturalist" one hundred and eighty-seven serial pub- lications. It is only requisite at this time to present tliese statis- tics, the particuhirs having been reported at the regular meetings and printed in the Bulletin. Mufieum. Mau}^ valua1)le additions have been made to the department of Natural History, which have been depos- ited with the Trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science, and have Ijeen acknowledged, duly cared for and properly arranged by the officers of that Institution. The s[)eci- mens of an historical interest and works of art are i)hiced in Plummer Hall under the immediate superintendiMic*? of the officers of the Institute. Those of an historical inter- est consist of a large collection of antiquarian and histor- ical relics; paintings and engravings of many of the old houses, and of the persons who have in years past ijcen prominent in our annals ; medals ; coins ; [)a[)er eurrent-y, etc., etc. Additions continue to be miide to this dt'[)art- ment, the collection is becoming one of great value, and more extended accommodations nre required in order to have it properly arranged and classiiied. The few speci- mens of works of art, [)ossessing no special interest, ;irc not arranged systematically, and may be regarded only as a nucleus, around which it is desirable that, at an early 71 day, an art museum may be formed. The recent intro- duction of drawing into our public schools, the increased attention given to artistic studies, and a growing appreci- ation of sivilled labor, and the large reniuneration it com- mands, require that some efforts by the Institute should be given in this direction. To meet these increasing demands of the public upon our resources, may we not reasonably expect a liberal response from members and friendti ? Horticultural exhibitions have been very successfully conducted during the past season. The old zeal that, years long since, actuated our movements in this direction, seems to have been renewed in a younger generation and to burn 'with an undiminished lustre. A series of twelve exhibitions have lieen held, commencing on Mon- day, May 2'Jth, and closing on Wednesday, November 8th, including two, opened only during the evening, for the display of the night blooming cereus, and the annual in Se})tember, opened to the public from Tuesday, the 19th, to Friday, the 22d. On this latter occasion, the hall was very tastefully decorated with festoons and wreaths of evergreens, stands and baskets of flowers; many choice pot plants and a goodly collection of fruits and vegetables were placed upon the tables. Contribu- tions were received not only from those having extensive grounds, but from many whose gardens were of limited dimensions. The aggregate made tine exhibitions, and varied with tlx; successive ap[)earance of those showy and attractive objects that adorn the garden, coming and going at regular intervals, marking with great exactness the progress of the seasons in their animal course. The attend- ance was large and the general interest manifested by the visitors seemed to indicate that our humble efforts iu 72 this direction may lead to the promotion of a taste for the eultiv%'ition of hcauliful flowers, flno fruit and choice vegetables in this community. Financial. The Treasurer's report shows an increase in the annual income, yet additional means are requisite to enable the Institute to perform in a titting manner the various dnties which the comnumity may reas()nal)ly expect. DEBITS. Athenseum, for rent and Librarian, $350.00 Salaries, 781.00; Coal, 147.'2.i i»JS.2.5 Postages, 20.44; Sundries, 55.51, 75.95 Social meetings and Excursions 772.00 Publication^, 1238.50; Bank Tax, 11.93, 12.50.43 Gas, 70.20; Express, 30.40; Insurance, 30.00 130.(i0 Collections, 6.15; Balance of last year, 3.35.77, 341.92 Balance in Treasnrj', • . . . 2.48 Historical. J. Perl ey, for binding, 75.00 Natural History and Horiicnlture, Exliibition season, 1870, 26.87; do. 1871, 159.78, 18(5.65 $4,113.28 CREDITS. Dividends of \\'^ebster Bank, 20 ; Social meetings and Excursions, 1,200.4.5, $1,220.45 Hall, 123.00; Sundries, 10.25; on acc't of note, 21.15, 1.54.40 Atlienaium, proportion of coal, janitor, etc., 118.02 Publications, 428.28; Assessments, 1,278.00, 1,700.28 Historical. Dividend Xaunikeag Bank, 24.00; Micliigan Central li. K. ilivideuds, 00.00, 84.00 Natural History and Horticulture. Dividencb Lowell Bleacliery, 100.00; P. S. & P. R.U., 19.50, 179..50 Horticultural Exhibitions, 1871, 258.78 Davis Fund. Coupons Burlington and Missauii Itiver Railroad Bonds 138.25 Coupons Dixon, Peoria and Ilannib.il R. K. Bjud-i 237.00 $4,113.28 BULLETIN E1SSE2^ IlsrSTITTJTE. Vol. 4. Salem, Mass., Jdne, 1872. No. 6. One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. Annual Meeting, Wednesday, May 8th, 1872. RETROSPECT FOR THE YEAR. [ Continued.] Puhlications. The BAletin has been continued in monthly numbers, giving full reports of the doings of the Institute, and abstracts of papers read at the meetings ; this makes an annual volume of some one hundred and sixty pages and a copy of each issue is sent gratuitously to the members. Vol. xi, No. 1, of the "Historical Col- lections " has been printed, and another part is nearly ready for distribution. A fund, securely invested, the income of which to be expended in printin"^the proceedings of the Institute, and papers on scientific^nd historical subjects presented at its meetings, also records, diaries, letters and other material that will tend to elucidate our local history, is a great desideratum, and would tend to rescue from oblivion many interesting and valuable memorials of the olden times. Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 10 74 The importance of multiplying copies of nil valuable documents, for which purpose the press is the great agent, cannot be overestimated, and numerous citations can be adduced in confirmation of the statement. The incidents connected with the late great conflagration at Chicago may suffice in this case. The Historical Society of that city lost much that is irrecoverable ; as manuscript documents and correspondence relative to the early history of Illinois. In the Academy of Sciences of Chicago were lost also the valuable manuscripts containing the results of the Scientific work of Dr. AVilliam Stimpson for nearly twenty years ; these were ready for the press, awaiting the action of government to have them printed. OFFICERS ELECTED. for the year ensuing and until others shall be chosen in their stead. President. HENRY WHEfTLAND. Vice Presidents. Of History — A. C. Goodell, Jr. Of Horticulture — Wm. Sutton. 0/ the Arts — Geo. rEAUouY. Of Natural Hist07-y — F. W. Putnam. Becording and Home Secretary. Amos H. Johnsox. Foreign Secretary. A. S. Pa c KARD, Jr. Treasurer. Henry W ii e a t l ^' d . ' Librarian. W. P. U P II A M . Superintendent of the dfuseum. John Roiun so n . Curators of Historical Department. ^ W. P. Upliain, M. A. Slickney, John Kobinson. 75 Curators of Natural History Department. H. F. King, G. A. Perkins, William Neilson. Curators of Department of Ilorticidiure. R. Manning, A. F. Bosson, Wm. A. Ireland. Curators of Department of the Arts. James A. Gillis, F. H. Lee, H. F. G. Waters. Lecture Committee. Jas. Kimball, Geo. Perkins, Wm. Northcj', Wm. Neilson, E. C. Bolles. Finance Committee. J. C. Lee, R. S. Rogers, James Upton. Field Meeting Committee. A. W. Dodge, C. M. Tracy, E. N. Walton, Caleb Cooke, A. B. Hervey. Lihrary Committee. J. G. Waters, Alpheus Crosby, H. M. Brooks. Publication Committee. A. C. Goodell, Jr., F. W. Putnam, R. S. Rantoul, H. M. Brooks, , G. D. Phippen. ME^IBERS ELECTED. Samuel Chamberlain, James E. Trask, Sidney Wins- low and Elbridge Baker, all of Salem, were elected mem- bers. Regular Meeting, Monday, May 20th, 1872. The President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. The Secretary announced the following correspon- dence : — From E. W. Buswell, Boston. May; J. J. H. Grcgorj-, Marblehciul, May 10; Augustus Mutlge, Dan vers Centre, May 4; W. Xeilson. May 10; Wm. Xoitliey, May 13; George Peabody, May 11; M. A. Stickney, May 14; John A. Vinton, Winchester, May 9. 76 The Librarian reported the following additions : — By Donation. BCTLER, B. F., >I. C. Ellis's Speech in U. S. H. R., Apr. 30,1872. Butler's Speech iuU. S. H. R., Apr. 18, 1872. Report of tlie Department of Agriculture for March and April, 1872. Dawes' Speech in U. S. H. R., May 3, 1872. Clogstox, W., of Springfield, Mass. London Directory, 18.57, 1 vol. 12mo. Itli. aca and Oswego Directory, 1867-8. 1 vol. l'2mo. Utica Directories, 1842-3, 1853-4, 1858-9. 1861-2, 1867-8. 5 vols. 12nio. Oneida County Directory, 1866-7. 1 vol. 12mo. Department of the Interior. Mortality of the U. S. for 1850, 18G0, 1870. 4to paniph. Kimball, James. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 7. Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin for May 11, 1872. Manning, Robert. Amateur Cultivator's Guide. 2vols.8vo. 1869-70. Wheatland, Stephen G. Neill & Smitli's Compendium of Medica. 1 vol. 8vo. Hooper's Pliysicians' Vade Mecum. 1 vol. 12nio. Darwin's Origin of Species. 1 vol. 8vo. Digestion and its Derangements. 1 vol. 8vo. Watson's Practice of Physic. 1 vol. 8vo. Bowman's Medical Cliemistry. 1 vol. 12mo. Wilde on Diseases of the Ear. 1 vol. 8vo. Paget's Surgical Pathology. 1 vol. 8vo. Wood's Practice of Medicine. 2 vols. 8vo. London Lancet. 1 vol. 8vo. Hunter. 1 vol. 8vo. Carpenter's Principles of Human Physiology. 1 vol. 8vo. Dictionnaii-e de Medecine. 1 vol. 8vo. Dwight's Modern Surgery. 1 vol. 8vo. Book of Prescrip. tions. 1 vol. 12mo. The Prescriber's Complete Handbook. 1 vol. 12mo. Taylor's Medical Jurisprudence. 1 vol. 8vo. Sargent's Minor Surgery. 1 vol. 12mo. Cop- land's Medical Dictionary. 1vol. 8vo. Beck's Materia Meilica. 1 vol. 8vo. Wil- son's Diseases of the Skin. 1 vol. 8vo. Mille's Practice of Surgefy. 1 vol. 8vo. U. S. Dispensatory. 1 vol. 8vo. Williams, Henry L. Salem Gazette, 76 nos. Boston Sliipping List, 1844. 1 vol. folio. By Exchange. Publishers. Gloucester Telegraph. Hardvvicke's Science Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Land and AV^ater. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Xation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Observer. Mr. John Robinson exhibited an interesting collection of native phmts in flower which he had gathered in this vicinity dnring the past few days, and made some remarks upon the same, indicating the localities, and time of blooming, which was several weeks later the present season than that of the average periods for some ten or twelve previous years. The following may be specified : Sanguinaria Canadensis, ErytJironiumAmericamim, E})i- gcea re_pens, T/ialictrum anemonoides. Anemone nemorosa, Thalidrum dioicum, Viola pedaia, Viola pubescens, Viola sa^itatla, Viola blanda, Tloustonia coiridea, Arism- n • CO ^ to 50 eo ^ CO •^ 00 -H r1 • 00 (N ni (N |^^ M e^ r-^ fM ts CI e» C» ; (4 : t^ t*. !>^ ;-^ C ;~ i a O b >. >, >. : a cj rs C3 o. a. U 5 •-5 c; e; rt <1 : 2 a i<i <: -^ f. < a a a 1 o oo o « Z i!^ |, o o ■M CI 00 o (N ^H c^ ^1 0» C> CI CI j^ CI c« rH • t4 : >, S >, ^ u C 8 o t^ ;h r >' >. : :: 03 c: <) : a ^ S a < < >^ ^ «1 •^ a a : n • i-H • o CO in 00 1^ o •s 1.-5 i N • C , -o CO ei c» CI CI 2 I-H f-t CI CI ; : >. 2 t>. u C _^ o >» C r ^ >. : l-H p, t " rt o 3 •-5 7;^ - r: << • ^ tj^ a •^ <; a ^ <; >- I a a : --^ • CI ■^ -»— OC ^ OS 0 g ffj ■^ M « CI CI CI 2 ri CO rH ; o o a V ^ « 0 u ^ C/3 u n a a • t-l a K% ;-.' a a '^ < : s 3 »? : < 3 •-5 ^ a <! a 3 _1? *^ ^ : s 00 . to O «5 CO I"* • j.,^ 5< li^ 1—1 (N ^ ^ S 10 CI c5 ; i u a B : 3 3 >. : (i^ u^ o a j» IH ^ g ^ >. : a eS • o. a "72 2 ?■ '^ c; <) a : < <; •? >T <J •5" H s « a ; M O ^ 'V^ ,_4 Cl <» l« O CO 0 i (N • c; CO CO : fr> c> rH « CI CI . CI d ; U : % ^ >. ; (-^ ^" O o a a i^ • b >. : !-H < ; H C3 a • p. : < a 3 < - a < ; a a • *^ . ,^ ,^ C5 o . ,—1 0 o '"' • (M e-> '. CO c ci • CI CO > t^ ; >, (>-, I ^ .d 0) '^ • b >.j ; 1— ( a. « .3 • a o ^ a a C3 • < * S a : < a •-5 _< < ' a a : !>. c > o ■.^ o CO C-. i-'i . P-, ,_l •^ <M IC ^ e^ '"' CI CI ,". • CO " m CO 30 ■^ t> t> -. X c .„• J^ a C ;J t»» tr, >. P< f ! C3 o a a <! _^ :s 3 a _l? <1 a ►^ < < a a a o ^ .*H '^ CI •■a CI CI 'Si ti u ■^ c a a <1 < << i« ~o CO oc ,^ y. f^ OD .J (M I-H c< c» % CI ri CI lO fTj ii ^ 1>, ;^ ^ C ^. X ^ a ■^ _i « ^ < ^ < ^ a a C <M o o o o~ — ^, ,-^ 0 o (?) ot CI »-< *-* CO »« ^ 00 ._; t> b- t>> t. C- .a ,j _^ t>^ >% P< a o eS c <! _^ ^ a a < a -fl a a a >i .H o 1.0 00 ~o^ 1 - 0 en •^ r^ C4 »— ' »< I"" Jl o ^ »"* r- ■* CI oi S ,• >> > o >. ;_; ^ u 2 ^ ffl t>. >> i-f & rt o a a 3 cr :; <1 « 2 >^ >^. << ?• '^, ■^ < ^ a a SJ r_t ^1 a' CI 1— ( :-^ I— < (>< . • r» rH *"* C3 g <' > C o 3 < ■^* "3 << < a 3 * ►^ a o IS X lO o o 1^ o 0 Cl « CI rH CO Cl C4 ■ a fc< !». >, >. ^ o t.. >, ». : c: c^ — , S "^ ^1 Ci r. ■< S S >a <J H^ h; J<^ «^ a c o 1 : 3 2 u 2 o a o 0 0 a • 0 u H o o ^ 0 S "o a. J U o p _C "o a a 3 a 1 -3 s o 3 -5 73 0 • a 1 3 <-> C3 1 "a .2 CS a 1 .1 .2 a a 3 o ^ 3 0 p ^, 1 11 1 - s s S J 1 1 s e s a 1 3 c i 1 Si, '3 S e g s s o o 1 C3 •2" i 1 s a 1 s 1 », .e 1 a ■2 1 1 •** S 5; 1 H 1' 8 5Si ^ S o s 'S, V [e M a i J- ►? ^ '^ ^ ^ iS O fe; '«! <! O ^ ^ &3 Ex b 78 ma trijjhyllum. He presented the accompanying table — containing the date of the first finding in flower, the several species enumerated therein — compiled by one of our enthusiastic collectors, the results of his observations for the past fifteen years. Mr. George D. Phippen spoke of some of the locali- ties which he was wont to frequent, in years long past, in search of our native plants, and which are now occupied by dwellings or manufacturing industries. He alluded briefly to the great change that had taken place in the immediate suburbs of the city. Eev. E. C. BoLLES remarked, that a day or tAvo before, he had listened to a lecture by Prof. Asa Gra}^ on* the Fertilization of Plants by the Agency of Insects, and that several of the wild-flowers on the table had served as illustrations. Among these was the Houstonia, of which there had long been known to be two kinds of flowers. The first had stamens })r()jecting above the dwarfed pistil, while in the second the stigmas were carried up far l)e3ond the anthers. The members of the Institute would see both kinds pretty equally represented in the tufts of flowers before them, distinguishing these by observing that in some flowers they would see only the two stigmas, in others only the four anthers projecting from the throat of the corolla. So the Houstonia had been said to have dimorpJious tlowers, but the reason for this variation had not been understood till an explanation had been sought in the possibility of an artificial fertilization. It was now seen that the pollen of any Houstonia blossom did not fertilize the ovides of the same flower. In the case of the flowers with extruded stigmas, this could not occur unaided, ''because the stamens were deeply sunk in the 79 corolla — while iu the other kind the pollen would not be found to exert a fertilizing effect upon its own stigma. But the two kinds of flowers were exquisitely arranged to produce cross-fertilization. An insect, exploring a corolla where the anthers were at the bottom, would cover its proboscis with pollen, which would be carried to the depressed stigma of the other kind of flower, and while visiting that second flower, the insect's head would remove some of the pollen, which again it would leave on the exserted stigma of a third flower of the kind flrst plun- dered. The structure of these flowers is to be explained in Prof. Gray's book, just passing through the press, entitled "How Plants Behave." Mr. J. H. Emerton mentioned that in November last he dug a root of Batrychium dissedum from an open pasture, and in January set it down with other ferns in a glass case. In about two months it produced a new frond with the usual triangular outline, Ijut nearlv twice as large as the old ones, and with the divisions of the pinna3 almost entire. The next frond, which grew in another month, was of the ordinary kind. It afterward produced in succession three fronds five or six inches long, with pinnte in pairs over an inch apart toward the base, and with their divisions almost entire, looking very much like small sterile fronds of Osmurida Claytoniana. Mr. F. W. PuTXAM gave an account of the explora- tions of several members of the Institute at Jeffries' Neck , in Ipswich, on Friday last. The researches were undertaken for the purpose of ascertaining if a large number of depressions, in two groups, about a mile apart, were graves of Indians, as had been supposed. After carefully digging into several 80 of the places unci getting to the original bottoms of the holes, it was evident to all present that they were not graves, and though a few stone implements and pieces of Indian pottery were found in the course of the excava- tions, there was nothing by which the original makers of the holes could be determined beyond doubt as Indians, though unquestionably the holes had been dug years ago by some race of men, and perhaps by the Indians for some temporary purpose. During the digging an old clay pipe bowl, of the pattern used by the first settlers, was found, indicating that perhaps the depressions were of a comparatively recent date, though the pipe might have been lost at a time following the original working, as it was found only a few inches below the sod. One of the most interesting results of the explorations was the finding by Mr. Goodell of a well marked piece of Indian pottery in the gravel bank about three feet below the surface. This piece of pottery was seen, and the spot from which it was taken carefully examined, by several of the party, and it was unquestionably carried into the bank of gravel at the same time the l)ank Avas formed, and not buried there, as the gravel was undisturbed and the frag- ment of pottery by itself. The only question is as to the age of the gravel deposit, whether original river drift, or wash from the hills above at a more recent time, though even if of the later date it would prove of great antiquity. Mr. Putnam exhibited a plan, made b}^ Mr. J. H. Emcr- ton, of one of the groups of depressions, showing their relative positions, juid also a section of one of those 0})ened. A sketch, showing the clearing which had been made by taking away all the large stones from the vicin- ity, and the relation of the depressions to the surrounding country, was made by Mr. C. A. Walker. ]Mr. Pihtnam was followed bv remarks from Messrs. 81 Goodell, Kimball, and others. After an interestini^ dis- cussion on these and other subjects suggested by the above topics the meeting was adjourned. Regular Meeting, Monday, June 3, 1872. President in the chair. Samuel Galley of Salem and George E. Lewis of Peabody were elected resident members. Field Meeting at Middleton, Wednesday, June 12th, 1872. THE RAMBLE. The Institute, in arranging the series of Field Meet- ings, the present season, decided to commence at IMiddle- ton and to accept the kind invitation of Mr. Simon F. Esty to use his grounds as the place of rendezvous for the day. Thither the party, on alighting from the cars of the Law- rence liranch of the Eastern Eailroad, at the Middleton station, about two hours ])cforc noon, wended their way, and found a beautiful walnut grove well adapted for the purpose of rural excursions, situated on the borders of a largo pond formerly known as "the Great Pond," but now designated "Forest Lake." From this place the several parties, after depositing their baskets, etc., went in different directions as inclina- tions dictated; some upon the pond, boats being in read- iness for the purpose, others rambled through the grove Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 11 82 and adjoining woods, or betook tliemselves to some of tlie pleasant by-paths that here aljound, and are more or less skirted with shrubbery and the flowering plants that appear and disappear, in succession, with the advance of the sea- son. Many of these by-paths were undoubtedly the primi- tive roads constructed by the early settlers, from house to house, without any definite plan, merely for their own personal convenience. When the vilhiges and towns sprung up requiring better and more direct means of com- munication, other roads were constructed and these were soon abandoned ; the people accordingly changed their places of residence and built other houses ; the old ones being neglected soon fell into decay. One occasionally meets in rambling through the woods and following the devious windings of some of these old by-paths or cross- roads the remains of an old cellar, the gnarled apple tree near by, a few plants that always linger in the footsteps of man, and perhaps the old well in the midst of dense woods and forests. Nature soon usurps her sway and clothes with rich verdure the places that man ceases to cultivate. This diversity of the surface into hills and dales, with the various brooks and ponds interspersed, adds to the l)eauty of the scenery and greatly contri!)utcs to the pleasures of rural walks. Through the kindness of Mr. David Stiles, several of those interested in antiquarian lore were enabled to see specimens of the old houses, two stories front with a lean-to in the rear, that have braved the blasts of some two hundred Avinters, also the burial places where the forefathers of the hamlet sleep with their names inscribed upon tlie sinn)le stone that marks the spot of interinent. Mr Stiles directed attention to other objects of historical interest ; some of these will be alhided to in the afternoon session. Middleton has two railroads located within its territoryv, one from Salem to Lowell in the extreme 83 western part at the paper mill, the other from Salem to Lawrence through the central part near the village. The occii[)ation of the inhabitants is largely agricultural ; though the manufacture of shoes and paper is carried on to cousidei'able extent. After partaking of the repast at the grove the party proceeded to the church, where the afternoon session was held, commencing at 3 r. m. The President in the chair. ATTERKOON SESSION. . Records of preceding meeting read. The Secretary announced the following correspon- dence : — From F. S. Drake, Boston, May 11 ; Simon F. Esty, Middletoii, May 28 ; H. Hagen , Cambridge, May 6; A. Lackey, Haverhill, Juno 4; James Niven, Saiigus Centre, May -ll; W. S. Perry, Geneva, N. Y., May '20; A. A. Scott, Saugus Centre, May 24; W. P. Upham, 3Iay U; Durkheim, Natnrwissenschaftlicher Verein der Rheinp falz, Feb. 7; Gottiugeu, Die K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschafteu, Jan. 10; Saiut Petersbourg, Academic Imperiale des Sciences, Ap. 2!): Tlirondhjem, Societc Royale des Sciences et des Lettres, Aug. 16, Dec. 12; U. S. Dep. of Interior, May 14. t The LiBRARiAX reported the following additions : — Bu Donation. Bkooks, Hexrv M. Cony's Life of Washington. 1 vol. 12nio. Juvenile Lyre. 1 vol. 8vo. Life of Marion. 1 vol. 12nio. Bibliotheca Ilistorica. 1 vol. 8vo. BUYAXT. J.\MES S., of Hartford. Conn. Register for the State of Conn, for 1790- Ifimo. Flint's Discourse on Washington. Svo. Proudlit's Sermon. 8vo. BiTFi'M, James N., of Lynn, Mass. Lynn City Documents for 1871. 1 vol. Svo. BUTLEU, B. F., M.C. Kelly's Speech in U.S. II. R. May 1, 1872. Butler's Speech in U. S. II. II.. May 21, 1872. Chambeu of Cojoierce, New York. Fourteenth Annual Report of, 1871-72. 1 vol. Svo. Ckosp.y, Aei>hei:.s. Dartmouth Centennial. I8G9. Svo pamph. Catalogues of Dartmouth College, 18G4-.5, 1870-1, 1871-2. 3 panipldets, 8vo. Dahney, M. p. Works of Mrs. Barbauld. 2 vols. Svo. Domestic Memoirs. 2 vols. 12mo. Thoughts on Education. 1 vol. 12mo. Sketches of Foreign Manners. 1 vol. 12mo. Works of Dr. Franklin, 1 vol. Ifimo. Memoirs of the Life of M. L- Ramsay. 1 vol. Ifimo. Hamilton's Letters. I vol. 12mo. Journal of the Ameri- can I'uitarian Association. 40 nos. Fac-simile of the Original Manuscript of Burns' Jolly Beggars. 4to pamph. U. S. Devautmknt of the Interior. U. S. Geological Report of Nebraska. Final Report. 1 vol. Svo. Ninth Census of tlie U. S. 4to pamph. E.XECUTivE Committee of the Frexcii Relief Flxd, Boston. Reports of, 2 pamphlets, Svo. 84 Peabody Ixstitute, Peabody, Mass. Peabody Press and Danvers Monitor. 1870, 1871. 2 vols, folio. Langwortiit, I. P., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 39. Lee, Johx C. Commercial Bulletin, May 18, 1873. Palfuay, C. W. Directory of Hannibal, 1871-3. 1 vol. 8vo. Peabody, Mrs. Francis. Every Xiglit Book. 1 vol. r2mo. Everj- Saturday 21 uos. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 13. Perry, W. S., of Geneva. X. Y. Digest of the Canons. 8vo pamph. 1873. Phillips, \V. P. Agriculture of Mass., 1871-3. 1 vol. 8vo. Thirty-Fifth Annual Report of the Board of Education. 1 vol. 8vo. Boston, 1872, Miscellaneous pamphlets, 12. Preble, G. H., of Charlestown. Notes on Ship-building in Maes. 8vo paniph. 1872. Shepard, Henry F. American Naturalist. 15 nos. Miscellaneous pamplilet.-;, (>. Story, Eliza. East Indies Directories. 2 vols. 4to. Geographical Grammar. 1 vol. 8vo. Requisite Tables. 2 vols. 8vo. Geometrical Problems. 1 vol. 8vo. Blunt's Coast Pilot. 1 vol. 8vo. Clarrissa. 8 vols. 13mo. Salmon's Gazetteer. 1 vol. 12mo. Volney's Ruins. 1 vol. 16mo. Willich's Lectures. 2 vols. 8vo. Mis- cellaneous pamphlets, .50. Sumner, Chas., U. S, Senate. Sumner's Speech in U. S. Sen. May 31, 1872. RoniNSON, W. S., Clerk Mass. House of Reps. Journal of tlie House of Keps. of Mass. 186.i, 18fi6, 1867, 18G8, 1809, 1870, 1871. 7 vols. 8vo. Report of the Com- mittee on Claims on the Alterations and Repairs upon the State House. 1809. 1 vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 05. Whiting, William, of Bostou. Memoir of Rev. Saml. Whiting, D. D., by the donor. 1 vol. 8vo. Boston, 1873. WiNTHROP, Rob't C, of Brookline, Mass. Life and Letters of John Wmtluop. 1588-1049. 2 vols. 8vo. Boston. 1809. By Exchange. Crosse et Fischer. Journal de Couchyliologie, Tome xii. 3e Serie. No. 1. 1872. Entomologischen Verein in Stettin. Eutomologische Zeituug. 33 Jahrg. 1871. 8vo. Stettin. 1871. K. Gesellsciiaft der Wissenschaften in Gottixgen, ILvnover. Nachrich- ten, 1871. lOmo i)!imph. Koxgelige Nohske Videxskarers-Selskar, Throndhjem. Skrifter, i det 19(le Aarhundrede, Bind feme, Heft. I, II. 1805-08. Bindsjette, 1870. 3 pamphlets, 8vo. KOXIGLICIIE BAYERISCIIE BOTANISCHE GESELLSCIIAFT IN REGEXSBURG. Flora, Neve, Reihe. 29 Jahrg. 1871. 8vo pami)h. 1871. OHKRLAUSITZISCIIE GESELLSCIIAFT DER WLSSENSCIIAFTEX IN GiiRLlTZ. NeUCS Lausitzischcs Magazin. Ira Auftrage der Oberlausitzischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften. Bd. xiviii. 1871. 8vo pamph. SocifoTfo D' Acclimation, in Paris. Bulletin Mensuel, 2me Seric. Tome viii. Dec, 1871. 8vo pamph. SociftTfc D' Anthroi'OLOGIE IX Paris. Bulletins, Tomes v, vi. lie Serie. 1870- 71. 8vo i)amphlcts. Socira'F, Vaxdoise Dks Sciexces N.vtuuelles. Lausanne, Bulletin. Vol. x. No. 0.'). 1870. 8vo jiamph. ZooLtxMSCiii': Geskllschaft, Frankfurt A M. Zoologisehe (iartcn. No.s. 7- 12. Juli-Doc. 1871. 0 ])amphlets. 8vo. Publishers. American Naturalist. Christian World, (hardener's Monlhly. 85 GIonce:^ter Telcpi-apli. Ilaverliill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reiiorter. Lynn Transcrijit. Jledical and Surgical Ueporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Oljserver. The llrunonian. The Superintendent of the Museum reported : — From Miss J. U. Colby, a Fire Set, taken from the ruins of the liouse of Mrs. Mullilccn, burned by the Britisli at the Battle of Lexington, April 19, 1775. FIRST FIELD MEETINGS — DR. WILLIAM STIMPSON. The President in his opening remarks alluded to the coincidence of this day being the twenty-third anniversary of the tirst Field Meeting, which was held in the ncigh- horing town of Danvers, on June 12, 1849. Some twelve or fifteen members in private carriages assembled at the Plains, and under the guidance of our old friend. Dr. Andrew Nichols, visited the locality of the Vaccinium vitii^-idea first discovered by William Oakes in 1820 — this plant is seldom found growing elsewhere within the limits of Massachusetts. The sphagnous borders of Cedar Pond in Wenham were also visited and there was detected the Andromeda pol if olia just passing out of bloom. Thence repairing to Berry's Tavern at the Plains, the afternoon was devoted to explaining and illustrating by the microscope (a constant accompaniment at these meet- ings) the structure and economy of the lower algae, fungi, lichens, etc. The second meeting, a few weeks later, was held at the residence of A. T. Newhall in Lynntield. There were present with us on this occasion, Messrs. F. Alger and C. T. Jackson of Boston, and Seaman of German3\ Ship Rock and the serpentine ledges in Lynn- lield were visited, and at the afternoon session furnished topics for discussion. The third, on the 28th of August following, winis at the seashore on Burley Smith's farm in Manchester. Some visited the woods of Essex and Man- chester where Cutler and Oakes, in years long past, were S6 wont to herbai-ize ; a few spent the time in dredging along the adjacent shores, a l)oat having l)een sent from Salem for this purpose. The visitors on this occasion were Mr. C. Girard, an assistant of Prof. Agassiz, and a young man named Stimpson, hailing from Cambridge, and not then out of his teens. Acquaintance had been made with Mr. Stimpson, a week or two previous, during a trip in the steamer R. B. Forbes from Boston to Salem, with mem- bers of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, who were visiting Salem, on the da}^ after the adjournment of the session at Cambridge. Dredges having been put on l)oard, at the suggestion of Professor Agassiz, were used occasionally during the trip. Let us consider in this connection the subsequent career of this young man, the notice of whose death at Ilchester, near Baltimore, on the 2Gth ult., has been so recently announced. That trip from Boston to Salem was his first experience in dredging, a novelty to him, and he was much interested in this pursuit. He visited Salem several times during that autumn, and accompanied me on dredg- ing excursions in the harbor. The results of his gleanings on these occasions formed the basis of a series of observa- tions which were embodied in a work on the New England Shells, published in 1851 — his first introduction to the scientific world as an author. This was soon followed by a paper on the Marine Invertebrates of Grand Menan, published in 1853, under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution, and has since been considered as the first authority in the marine zoology of that region. He then spent several years in the North Pacific, Japan, etc., as naturalist to Government Expeditions and made vast col- lections, principally the results of dredging in those seas. He then resided for some years at Washington, in the quiet piX)secution of his investigations, and the publica- 87 tion of their results. When the late Robert Keniiicott went to Alaska, in 1865, in the employment of the Russian Telegraphic Expedition, Dr. Stimpson removed to Chicago to assume the duties of Secretary of the Chicago Academy of Natural Sciences, and maintained that connection until his death. During that interval he visited Florida on several occasions, and always obtained numerous interesting collections for the Academy. Dr. Stimpson ranked high as a scientific investigator, his researches were thorough and his descriptions clear and accurate. He has added a large number of new species to the list of marine animals, the detailed account of which, forming many zoological monographs with illus- trations nearly ready for the press, were destroyed by the Chicago tire as were also the types of his species. This great loss, the result of his laljors for twenty years, affected him severely and influenced very much the state of his health. The past w^inter Dr. Stimpson was engaged on board the U. S. C.S. steamer Bache in superintending dredsinir between Cape San Antonio, Cuba, and the coast of Yuca- tan and thence to Key West — but his increasing infirm- ities prevented him from fully carrying out his plans — returning not long since to the residence of his father-in- law near Baltimore he became gradually worse and died, as before noticed, «)n the 2Gtli of May. It seems appropriate, at this time and on this occasion, to allude to the decease of Dr. Stimpson, especially from the fact that he received his first experiences in the uses and results of dredging at one of these outdoor meetings, and that after the lapse of more than a score of years a life, then at its commencement, closes so full in the per- formance of scientific work and having done so much for the [)romotion and diffusion of science in this country. 88 jNIr. F. W. Putnam alluded to the high position which Dr. Stinipson had taken in the ranks of science, and to the esteem in which he had always been held hy those associated with him, and closed by proposing that a com- mittee be appointed hy the Institute to draw up a series of resolutions expressive of the loss which it had sustained. The committee, consisting of Messrs. Putnam, Bolles, Johnson and Wheatland, afterwards reported the following resolutions, which were unanimously adopted, and it was voted that a copy be sent to the family of Dr. Stimpson, and to the Chicago Academy of Sciences. Resolved: That the Essex Institute has learned with profound regret of the recent death of Dr. William Stimpson, who has for so long a time been distinguished as the foremost American student in Marine Zoology, and whose loss to science is the greater since it has occurred in the midst of his successful labors to restore the fortunes of that Institution which has owed so much to his eminent attainments. Resolved: That even in the grief Avhich this severe afliiction causes, the Essex Institute cannot but remember with pride that Dr. Stimpson's first acquaintance with the department of investigation which he afterwards pursued to such results, was made under its own auspices, and that the records of its Field Meetings for 1849 will preserve the honorable memorials of this beginning of his fame. Resolved : That the Secretary of tl^e Institute be in- structed to convey, by these Resolutions, to the family of Dr. Stimpson and to the Chicago Academy of Sciences, not only the assurances of the high appreciation in which its memlxn-s hold the scientitic accjuirements and labors of their lamented friend, but also their earnest syin[)athy with his reUitives in the sorrow of their bereavement. BULLETIN ESSEX IITSTia?XJTE. Vol. 4. Salem, Mass., July, 1872. No. 7. One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Sinsrle Copy. Field Meeting at Middleton, Wednesday, June 12th, 1872. [ Co n tinn erf. ] THE EARLY' MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY". Mr. S. p. Fowler, of Danvcrs, one of the original mem- bers of the Society, gave an interesting retrospect of its early history, and narrated many incidents of its first meet- ings, alluding especialh' to the one held in Topsfield on AVednesdaj', the 16th of April, 1834, in furtherance of the object and to complete the organization by the appointment of committees, etc. Specimens in the various branches of Natural History, with apparatus for collecting, were exhib- ited and illustrated, and the modes of preservation of the same, with a view to the formation of a Museum were dis- cussed by William Oakes of Ipswich, Dr. Andrew Nichols of Danvers, and others. These two gentlemen may be justly regarded among the pioneers of science in this com- munity, and the present generation are now reaping the fruits of their labors and their example in this direction ; Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 12 90 they have long since been gathered to their fathers. ^Ir. Oakes died on the 31st of July, 1848, a noted and enthu- siastic botanist; Dr. Nichols, a valued physician, and one particularly conversant with our local geology and botany, March 31, 1853, just as the little Draba verna, a plant of which he always delighted to make mention and collect specimens, was expanding its tiny petals to another vernal season. He also spoke of the field meetings iu Danvers and Lynntield during the summer of 1849 and the great interest which Dr. A. Nichols, Mr. Thomas Cole of Salem, Dr. George Osgood of Danvers and others took in this movement for the promotion of science. HISTORICAL NOTICES OF MIDDLETON. David Stiles of Middleton being called up, said he proposed to say something about the beautiful pond (on the shores of which the society had this day takeu their repast), and two of the earliest settlers. Boston was set- tled in 1630 and four years subsequently Newton people under the care of Richard Bellingham, Esq., of Boston (afterwards Gov. of the Colony), moved to Cochichcwick (Andover) and settled on the fish brook leading from the Great Pond to the Merrimac River. This small colony was exempt from tax and had the direct care of an agent, a compensation for the privations and dangers of an unpro- tected company in the midst of savages and in the wilder- ness. Bellingham must have passed to and fro within a mile of this pond in Middleton. None of the towns west of this were then settled and the roads at that time were through Danvers, Topsfield and Boxford, to old Rowley then called Salem Newmeadows, and Rowley Village. Bel- lingham's keen eye found this pond, and in 1639 obtained a grant for about twelve hundred acres which contained the pondv and at that time an Indian plantation (relics and 91 skeletons of the Indians are still found in this locality). In 1G59 Bellingham sold this claim to Bray Wilkins whose descendants (some of them) are before me to-day. AVilkins was from Wales, came over in one of Gov. Endicott's vessels and tended a ferry in Lynn fifteen years before set- tlins: in ]\Iiddleton. This was in 1(360, one year after pur- chasing these lands. Plis dwelling was on the southeast side of the pond and protected from the cold winds by Wills Hill on the north. His family consisted mostly of boys who took up a large portion of this claim and erected dwellings thereon for themselves, and this accounts for this name being more numerous in our early history than any other. Wilkins attended church at 8alem Village, of which this town was a part, under the pastorate of Rev. Samuel Parris, in 1692, at the time of the witchcraft, and one of his grandsons was a victim. In 1663 Thomas Fuller from Woburn bought a claim of Maj. Greneral Dennison, lying east of Bellingham and parallel with it, and erected his dwelling just south of this church on the site now occupied by the house of Mr. Abijah Fuller. Thomas Fuller was a blacksmith by trade. He had quite a number of sons who also settled on his lands and for some years these two families must have been the principal ones in this part of the town. In 1728 these people obtained a charter from the Great and General Court for a town. It enjoined upon the in- habitants the settling a minister and hiring a schoolmaster to teach "ye young to read and write." Consequently they settled Andrew Peters, and hired Daniel Towne as schoolmaster. Peters was from Andover, son of Samuel Peters and a graduate of Harvard College, in the class of 1723. The charter was presented to the town by Lieut. Thomas Fuller, designated as one of the principal inhabi- tants, who, at that period, must have been between ninety 92 and one hundred years old, and we are assured of this fact by his excellent, though very tremulous, liandwriting. The spot where the town met to receive their charter was at the house of Dr. Daniel Felch, a few rods east of the present church and the dividing line between Salem and Rowley. The meeting-house, though raised at that time, was not covered ; it seems, therefore, that the toAvn had been some time preparing for an existence (the popu- lation at that time was about four hundred). About thirty years a^^o I bousht and took down this old meeting-house of massive timbers, all oak, most of which squared ten by thirteen while underneath I found oak stumps hewn awa}- to receive the floor timbers which measured over four feet in diameter, In conclusion, I thank this Society for the interest they have awakened in this count}^ in searching for these hidden treasures, which to the antiquarian, and indeed to all coming posterity, are of so much value. Mr. A. C. GooDELL, Jr., of Salem, spoke of his pleas- ant visit during the forenoon to several places of historical interest in the town, especially to the spot alluded to by Mr. Stiles, where the act of incorporation of the town in 1728 was first openly proclaimed, being read by the Sherifl". He then read a copy of the act. INDIAN RELIC. Mr. D. J. Tapley, of Danvers, described a curious and interesting sculptured stone which was discovered recently at Meredith Village, N. H. The stone was found em- bedded in clay and deposited in the sandy soil at the head of LiUce Winni[)iseogee, at a depth of two feet. On care- fully removing the coating of clay, an egg-shaped "gor- get" was f^)und, having a tapering lude through its longest 93 diameter aiul measuring three and seveii-eightlis inches in length bv two and five-eightlis in thickness. The material is a silicious sandstone, of a drab color and tine grain, and the scul[)tiires are of a much higher grade of art than any of a similar class extant. The surface of the stone is smooth, and as perfect in contour as if turned in a lathe. The carvings are in bas-relief, on a ground suidc in this surface. On one side of the stone is a face in relief, similar in its general features to the ^lexican and Indian "^Nlasks." On the opi)osite side is a representation of arrows in various positions, a new moon, and a convolute, or coil, which may represent a serpent. On the third side is a wigwam and a circle supposed to represent the full moon, and on the fourth an ear of corn and a depressed circle containing i)ictures of the hcad( ?) of some animal, a deer's leg, and a crown (?). The stone was found 1)}' Mr. Seneca Ladd of Meredith Village at the bottom of a post hole which some of his workmen were excavating. As Mr. L. is quite a naturalist, the discovery was hailed by him with enthusiasm, and the relic will be preserved with the greatest care. The dis- covery is regarded as one of great importance in its archaeological bearings. ]Mr. F. W. Putnam remarked that the description of the carved stone given by Mv. Tapley had greatly inter- ested him, especially as the carving was shown by Mr. Tapley's drawings to be far more elaborate than anything he had known as the work of the earlier inhabitants of New^ England. The ^lound Builders of the South and West were good workers in stone, and often made quite elaborate carvings, but the later race of Indians were not much skilled in the art, and but few relics of- their work 94 had been found. On this stone, however, we had the characteristic Indian face, similar to the few others that had been found in New England, Avith an attempt at an artistic result in the finish of the stone and the other figures carved upon it, that would certainly lead us to infer that its maker, if an Indian, was of a far higher caste as an artist than the distorted and childlike outlines of animals and men ordinarily cut or painted by them have heretofore impressed us as possible, and were it not for the fact that the face is so similar to undoubted Indian representations of the human face, which we have from New England, he would be inclined to think that it might have been the work of some other race. The position in which the stone was found marked it as quite an ancient piece of workmanship, and from its shape and the fact of its having a hole through its centre, he believed it would be classed with the singular perforated stones called gorgets, found throughout the country, and always more or less elaborately finished, which were supposed to have been worn on the breast as an ornament or badge of office. Mr. James H. Emerton of Salem in speaking of the SPIDERS AT MIDDLETOX said that while going about the shallow parts of the pond in a boat we saw a large number of spiders, most of them of the genus Tetragnatha, on the sedges entirely surround- ed by water. They were standing head down with their feet stretched out up and down the leaves and could hardly be distinguished from their withered tips. One of these spiders found on an alder bush overhanging the pond was disturbed. It dr()pi)ed and ran along on the water without wetting its body until it reached a water plant. These spiders are usually found near water but he had 95 not before seen them run on the surfiice although it is a common habit with several other species. MICROSCOPIC FUNGI. Rev. E. C. BoLLES of Salem said that if there have been but few flowering plants collected for consideration, almost every one must have remarked, perhaps without knowing what they were, two curious vegetable growths which Avere largely represented among the specimens upon the table. The roads about Middleton are bordered with a great abundance of Berberry bushes and Blackberry vines ; and all of the former and many of the latter exhibit vegetable parasites in profusion upon their young foliage. These parasites are microscopic fungi only visible to the naked eye in the mass. The specimens before the meet- ing represent two divisions of the great family of the fungi, named Coniomycetei^ or Dust-fungi, because the most evident character about them is their powdery spores. The Berberry bushes have a large proportion of their leaves spotted with numerous yellow discoloratiohs. These are found to proceed from clusters of points which roughen the under surface. Microscopic examination shows each point to be a short cylinder thrust up through the cuticle of the leaf, and having its upper edge cut into teeth or segments, which are turned over the outside very evenly. Eiich cup contains many rounded translucent grains, and as the cup with its frill is white and the grains a rich yel- low, the whole makes a very beautiful object for the mi- croscope. The cells are clustered together — hence the conmion name. Berberry Cluster-cups (^Ecidium Ber- beridis). The yellow grains are the spores and with the cups form the fructification of the plant. The rest of its structure as in all fungi is represented by the mycelium, or mat of white fibres, which pervades the tissue of the leaf. 96 In the case of the Blackberry vines, the leaves seem thickly and completely coated on the under side with a powdery oranije-colored material. So brilliant is it that a plant so infected is a very striking object by the road- side. On looking more closely, we see that the color is in patches, which, in their tendency to become confluent, have spread over nearly the whole surface of the leaves. The orange material seems to have burst from under the cuticle, as the cluster-cups did. But there are no cups nOr cells, onl}' a mass of naked, rounded spores. This is a Jiust, the Uredo Potenlillarum ; and is found on many plants of the Rose family. The mycelium of the fungus is hidden in this plant as in the other. Both of these fungi are very common species here. Two features of interest may be noted. First, the im- mense nmnber of spores, showing the resources of these minute plants. By the dispersion of these germs, wide- spread injury to the farmers' crops is often done by other species of Rusts, etc. Then again, these Berberry and Blackberry leaves are in many cases hardly unfolded, and yet almost innnediatcly covered with the fungi. This shows that the plant itself is so infected, that year after year, in renewing its own foliage, it renews the parasitic growth as well. ' Dr. A. H. Johnson of Salem and Rev. L. II. Fraiy of Middleton being called upon made some interesting re- marks upon the object of these meetings and the beneticial intluences that may arise therefrom in the promotion of science and general culture in the community. SCIENTIFIC LECTURES. The Committee on Lectures reported, that arrangements had been made (subject to the contirraation of the Institute) with Revi E. C. Bolles of Salem, and Mr. E. Bicknell 97 of Sulcm as assistant, to deliver forty lectures "on the mi('roscM)[)e and what it shows us" illustrated In' the cal- ciiitn light, in such places in Essex County as may be airreed upon during the year connnencing July 1, 1872, eight of them to be given in Mechanic Hall, Salem, on suc(;essive Wednesday evenings commencing on the third Wednesday in October. Voted, To accept the report of. the committee, and confirm the doings. David Weston of Salem was elected a resident member. Voted, That the Essex Institute hereby tenders its hearty tlianks to Mr. Simon F. Esty of JMiddleton for the use of his beautiful and commodious grove, to the Proi)rietors of the Congregational Church in which this session has been held and to Messrs. David Stiles, Henry White, Merriam, Tyler and others of Middleton who have ex- tended courtesies on this occasion. Adjourned. Field Meeting at Grovel and, Tuesday, July 1G, 1872. Soon after nine o'clock on the morning of Tuesday, 16th of July, a goodly number of persons l)egan to assemble in the Eastern Railroad Station, Salem, for an excursion to Groveland, taking the 9.25 train for Danvers on the Essex Road, thence a special train on the Danvers and George- town, now leased and operated by the Boston and Maine Railroad corporation, the remainder of the route. The additions to the party from other towns at the several stations considerably augmented the numl)er in attendance. On arrival at Groveland the party was met Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 13 98 by several of the citizens, and proceeded to the new building recently erected through the efforts of the ven- erable Dr. Jeremiah Spofford, on the site of the Merrimac Academy which was destroyed by fire some two or three years since, where a preliminary meeting was organized. The President, after briefly alluding to the nature of the gathering, and expressing the hope that the day's excur- sion might be pleasant and instructive to every participant, introduced Dr. SpoflTord who extended a cordial welcome and described the location of the groves, streams, paths, hills and other objects of interest that were accessible during the forenoon's ramble ; when he closed, the party adjourned and went in groups to the various localities jjointed out, as inclination dictated. This buildins: is arrauijed for a lecture room on the second floor, and on the first, several smaller rooms for a public library, reading room, and other purposes. May the praiseworthy efforts of this venerated friend be fully and si3eedily carried out, and may he long live to witness the benefits of a good educational institution, ably sustained by the liberality of the friends of true progress and tending largely to promote the culture of the citizens of his native town. THE NEW IRON lUtlDGE. The great bend in the Merrimac river between Grove- land and Haverhill has made the crossing, at this place, from the early days of the settlement highly dcsiirable. Before the construction of the bridges, the ferry at this point received always its fair proportion of travel. It is only recently that the residents in this section of the county have been favored with this great accommodation. This bridge was an object of great interest ; it was built by authority of the Legislature (Acts 1870 chap. 219) , and 99 under the direction of the county commissioners, over the INIerrimac River near the site of the "Chain Ferry" in Grovehmd and connecting that town with Haverhill. It was commenced March 29, 1871, under the superin- tendence of Col. Coffin of Xewburyport. The stone piers, which are the handsomest on the river, were designed by Mr. C. A. Putnam of Salem, and built by Messrs Blais- dell and Parker, the former of New Hampshire and the hitter of Eockport. The superstructure was built by the King Iron Bridge Co., of Cleveland, Ohio, and is an iron tubular bridge, light appearing and graceful in construc- tion, but capable of sustaining a great weight. It has 804 feet of tlooriug, and is 25 feet in clear width. There are six spans, each 126 feet, and a draw of 68 feet, designed by Mr. C. G. Force, engineer of the King Com- pany. The bridge is warranted to sustain a weight of 3,000 pounds to the lineal foot. It was tested and formally inaugurated on Wednesday, April 10, 1872, when one of the spans was subjected to a test of thirty tons, placed as nearly in the centre as possible, and the deflection was only thirteen-sixteeuths of an inch. About 14 tons were put upon the draw with no further deflection than would be caused by the straightening of the chains. The cost of the bridge may be summed up as follows : For foundation, piers, etc., $48.898.3.'> " superstructure, 33,0.56.67 " interest account, 3.007.68 $84,963.70 and was divided between the county and the adjoining towns in the following proportions : County of Ksse.x paid twenty-seven-sixtletlis $38,233.22 City of Haverhill paid niueteen-sixtieths, 26,904.85 Town of Groveland paid eiglit-sixticths, 11.328..36 Town of West Xewbury paid six-sixtieths, 8,496.27 $84,962.70 100 The clay of inauguration may be considered one of the important events in tlie town's life ; a good pro[)ortion of the people were out, a collation was provided, and speeches ranging from grave to gay were warm in the approval of this object which has been a cherished one for many years to obtain. In 1834, 1835 and 1836 petitions were forwarded to the Legislature for a charter to build a bridge at this locality, but the op])ositi()n of Haverhill, and more actively that of the Proprietors of Haverhill Bridge, prevented a favorable consideration. This source of objection is now removed, the several bridges over the Merrimac, hitherto controlled by private interests, have been laid out as high- ways by legislative action (see Acts 18G7, chap. 296, and 1868, chap. 309), and the expenses incident thereto and of maintaining the same have been assessed by the county commissioners on the county and towns or cities most benefited. HISTORICAL NOTICES. The first bridge over the Merrimac at Haverhill was completed in the autumn of 1794 ; its erection was consid- ered a marvel of mechanical skill and ingenuity. In 1795 the Merrimac Bridge at the Kocks connecting Haver- hill with West Newbury was built, and was the longest over this river; there being but little travel, the propri- etors suffered it to fall to decay and in 1818 it was swept away by the ice. It was rel)uilt in 1828. These bridges have superseded the old ferries, the primitive mode adopted by our ancestors to maintain communication with those living on the opposite banks of the large rivers and to facilitate general travel. An historical sketch of these old ferries with brief allu- sions to the many incidents connected therewith would embody many valuable facts and be a great contribution to 101 our local history. The records of the coiiiitj and of several of our towns contain a mass of material on the suhject that would amply repay a careful examination. The ferries on the Merrimac near Haverhill have varied at dill'erent periods in number and location. The first on record was in 1G47, Thomas Hale authorized to keep a ferry. In 1711, a ferry was established at Holt's Rocks between Havcrliill and Newbury, and was kept for many years hy John Swett, father and sou, hence the name of "Swett's Ferry." In 1745, there were no less than five ferries l)etween the village of Haverhill and Holt's Rocks : Swett's, at Holt's Rock ; Cottle's, at the mouth of East Meadow River (Cottle's Creek) ; Pattee's near the House where David Nichols now or recently lived ; Milliken's at the "Chain Ferry"; and Griffen's nearly opposite the central part of the city. A ferry has been kept at the location of the New Bridge from 1738 to 1872, or 134 years, as a public landing; for more than one hundred years it had been a regulai'ly at- tended ferry. About thirty years after the opening of Haverhill bridge, regular attendance was suspended ; boats, however, have been kept by individuals for the conveyance of foot passengers. Some of the party, who were interested in genealogical investigations, repaired to the old records ; others, among whom was the author of a valuable memoir of one of the old families of the place, visited tlie location of several of the original grants of land to settlers from Rowley who first came hither in 1649. This territory at that time was known as "the Merrimac lands" and was within the town- ship of Rowley. The first grants were bounded on the river (the river before the building of roads was the most convenient mode of communication), and extended back a considerable distance, some as far as the present 102 dividing line between Georgetown nnd Grovehind. These were of different widths ; the hounduries of most of them Clin now be easily ascertained, and any one acqnainted in town can designate with sufficient accuracy the place whore the first people lived, and the hind they occupied. Although meetings of the settlers were probably held from the beofinuinor, vet the first on record was on the 20th Feb., l(5()8-9. The name then given was Merrimac, after- wards called Eowiey village on the Merrimac; Jan. 7, 1672-3, they voted to take the name of Bradford and incorporated under that appellation about 1675. The first conijreijational church was constituted Dec. 27, 1682. Zachariah Symmes, a native of Charlestowii and a jrraduate of Harvard in the class of 1657, was the first pastor, and was succeeded by his son, Thomas Symmes. On the seventeenth of June, 1726, the town was divided into town parishes and this portion was set off" as the East Precinct, and incorporated as a distinct municipality, March 8, 1750, under the name of Groveland. The first parish meeting was held July 4, 1726 ; on the 8th of November following. Rev. William Balch was unanimously invited to preach with them ; he was born at Beverly in 1704, graduated at Harvard College in 1724, ordained in 1728, and died January 12, 1792, aged 88 — a descendant of John Balch, one of the old planters of Salem. He was succeeded by Rev. Ebenezer Dutch, a native of Ipswich, a graduate of Brown in 1776, ordained Nov. 17, 1779, died Aug. 4, 1813, aged 62. Rev. Gardner B. Perry was the third pastor, horn at Norton, Aug. 9, 1783, graduated at Union in 1804, settled Sept. 2S, 1814, and after a long and useful ministry died Dec. 16, 1859. Balch^s woods, extending along the banks of the Merri- 103 mac, is a delightful place in which to ramble, especially on a hot day, and to enjoy the beautiful scenery of the river and the opposite shore, with its undulating hills cov- ered largely with wood in some localities, and in others with the city of Haverhill, thriving villages and cultivated fields ; here also the naturalist can find much to study in his especial line of investigation. Several eminences nearly in the centre of the village were visited, and pre- sented extensive views and cool and refreshing breezes. At 1 P. M. the several parties repaired to the lower hall of the new building which was the place of gathering for the day, where the collation was partaken, the citizens furnishing delicious tea and coffee. The divine blessing was invoked by Eev. J. C. Paine of Groveland. TUE AFTERNOON SESSION was called to order at 2 P. M. in the hall on the second floor. The President in the chair. Records of preced- ino^ meetiujj read : — The Secretary announced the following correspon- dence : — Boston Public Library. June 17; Geological Survey of India, Jan. 2: Maryland Historical Society, June 19; New York State Library, June 22; Rhode Island His- torical Society, June 28; U. S. Dept. of Interior, June IS; Department of Agricul- ture, June 17, 20; Vermont Historical Society, July 9; Worcester Free Public Library, June 29; Mrs. W. B. Bannister, Newburyport, July 10; J. W. Foster. Chi- cago, 111., June 25; John H. Gould, Topsfield, July 12; L. D. Gould, Boston High- lands, July 11, i;5; S. C. Gregory. New York, June 1:5; C. J. Maynard, Ipswich, July 4; J. Siiofford, Groveland, June 21, July 5, 8. The Librarian reported the following additions : — By Donation. Bannister, Mrs. Wm. B., of Newburyport. Christian World, CO numbers. Jewi.sli Chronicle, 10 numbers. The Israelite Indeed, 43 numbers. Pauoplist, 19 numbers. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 112. Butler. Benj. F., M. C. Carpenter's Speech in U. S. Sen., June 3, 1872. Logan's Speech in U. S. Sen., June 3. 1872. Flanagan's Speech in U. S. Sen., June 1, 1872. Detart.ment of the Interior. Washington, D. C. Reports of Commissioners to Paris E.xposition, 2nd Sess., 40tii Cong., 1807-8, 6 vols. 8vo. Senate Documents) 104 2qA Se?s. ,40th Cju^ ,18;>7-S, 1vol. 8vo. Reports of the Committees of the House of Reps., 3cl Scss., 40th Cong., 18G8-9, 1 vol. 8\o., iad Sess.. 41st Cong., 1809-70, 3 vols. 8vo. Patent Office Reports, 3d Sess., 40th Cong., 4 vols. 8vo. Senate Reports, 2nd Sess., 41st Cong., 18Jy-70, 1 vol. 8vo. Senate Journal, 2nd Sess., 41st Cong., l.s;i<)-70. 3 vols. 8vo. Commerce and Xiivigatiou, 18()n-70, 1 vol. Svo. Report of the Depart- ment of Agriculture, 18G0-70, 1 vol. Svo. E.>[e:'Utive Documents, 2nd Sess., 41st Cong., 18;;u-70, 1 vol. 8vo. Mines and Mining, 1800-70,1 vol. 8vo. Report of the Finance Committee, 18;j9-70, 1 vol. 8v'o. Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 18(>i)-70. 1 vol. 8s'o. House .Journal, 180^-70, 1 vol., 8vo. Report of the Secretary of the Navy, 18;)0-70, 1 vol. Svo. Senate Journal, 18j9, 1 vol. Svo. Senate Docu- ment.s, 1869, 1 vol. Svo. Report of the Secretary of War, 1809-70, 1 vol. Svo. Senate Reports, 18 >9, 1 vol. Svo. House Miscellaneous 1809, 1 vol. Svo. Claims of U. S. against Great Britain, 1809, 5 vols. Svo. FOLGEU, Wm. C, of Nantucket. Rei)ort of the Town of Scituate, Mch. 1871-Feb. 1872. Report of the Selectmen of the Town of Marslifield, 1872. HoTCiiKi.ss, Su.SAX v., of New Haven, Conn. Fifteentli Annual Catalogue of the Ollicers and Stuilents of the University of Roch^'Ster, ISOI-.t. MUUGE, ALFiiEU, of Boston. Genealogy of tlie Muilge Family in America from. 1038-1808 by donor, 1 vol. Svo. Bo.-ton, 1808. AVE.STOX, David. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 14. Wilder, M. 1'., of Bo.?ton. Proceedings of the .00th Sess. of the American Pomological Society held in Richmond, Sept. 0, 7, 8, 1871, 4to pamph. By Exchange. Geological, Survet of India. Observations on the Geology and Zoology of Abyssinia, 1 vol. Svo. Records of the Geological Survey of India, Vol. iv, Pts. iii, iv, 2 pamphlets. Svo. Memoirs of Geological Survey of India, Ser. vi, vii, 1871, 2 pampldets, 4to. New Youic Genealogical and Biographical Society. Record of, for July, 1872. PiiiLADELi'iiiA Academt OF NATURAL SCIENCES. Proceedings of. Part iii, Oct., Nov., Dec, 1871. Publishers. American Naturalist. E-sex County Mercury. Ilardwicke's Science Gossip. Haverliill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Land and Water. Law- rence American. Little Giant. Lynu Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Sailors' Magazme and Sea- men's Friend. Salem Observer. Silliman's Journal. Western Lancet. The Surp:RiNTENDENT of Museum reported the following additions to the Historical Collection : — Craig, Mrs. Saml. A bottle witii "C. B. 171.5" stamped on it. Little, W.M., of Newbnryport. A old fashioned Mirror. Mudge, Alfred, & Son, of Boston. A comidete set of the Jubilee programmes, 1872. U. S. Office of the Chief Signal Officer. Washington, D. C. Three copies of the dally weather Maps. James IJ. 8Tf>NE. A pair of ovei-shocs worn about tlie period of tlie Revolution. L. 11. Fraiy of Midilleton, \V. F. Southard, AV. AV. Kelinan, Jr., and George K. Proctor, all of Salem, were elected resident nienihers. ^' n BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX IIDTSTITTJTE. Vol. 4. • Salem, Mass., August, 1872. No. 8. One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. Field Meeting at Groveland, Tuesday, July K), 1872. [ Con tinned .] The President in his opening remarks alluded briefly to liis first visit to Groveland, then the East Parish of Bradford, on Thursday, the 21st of September, 1837, a beautiful autumnal day, in company with a few friends, to attend a horticultural exhibition in the hall of the iNIerrimack Academy, and a meeting of the Essex County Natural History Society. The collection of flowers was very fine and tastefully arranged, contributions were received from the gardens of the village and also from those of Salem, Newburyport, Haverhill and other towns. The attendance from the vicinity Avas large, the agricultural and other occupations being fully represented. A pleasing feature of the occa- sion was the appearance of the grounds * of the Academy * The ground in front of the Academy was then a flower garden, wholly managed by Mr. Morse and his pupils, which, though entirely open and exposed, knew not the loss of fruit or flower I Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 14 IOC) laid out as a beautiful garden under the superintendence of Mr. Sylvanus Morse,* the Principal, for the amusement and gratification of the scholars, who not only culled from its gayly attired borders many choice flowers, but also gathered from the fields and woods, gerardias, asters, fringed gentians and many other attractive and showy flowers that add so much to the beauty of autumnal scen- ery. There was a goodly disphiy of fruit and vegetables arranged on the tables. The exhibition indicated the great zeal in horticultural pursuits which was fostered by Mr. S. Morse, and Rev. G. B. Perry, f the pastor of the parish church. Both have passed away, but their mem- ories survive and will long be cherished, the one as the faithful and beloved teacher, the other for the great inter- est which he always took in the various movements for the promotion of education, temperance, horticulture and other objects that tend to the general culture of the people, in addition to his usual professional duties which were always cheerfully and very acceptably performed. In the afternoon a meeting of the Natural History Socict}^ since incorporated as the Essex Institute, was held, Rev. G. 15. Perry, one of the Vice Presidents, in the chair. The objects of the Society being fully stated called *STLVANirs Mouse, son of Joseph and Sopliia [Bigelow] Morse of West Boyl- ston.Mass.; born June ."50, 1798; graduated at IJrown University; married Harriet N., daughter of Dr. Jenlvs, of North Urookfield. lie eonnnenced teacliing in Grove- land in 18'i8 anil continued for fifteen years, thence went to West Boylston and after- wards to Middleboro, Mass., where lie died in 1871. His wife died in 187'2 and both were buried in the cemetery at Uroveland. tRev. G.\UDNKU Bk.vm.VX Pkijky. D. D., son of Nathan and riiobc [Hranian] Perry, was born at Norton, Mass., Aug. !), 178:5. In June, 1800, entered ISrown Uni- versity, continued tliere two years, and tlien went to Union Cidlege, wliere he graduated in 18U4. For several years principal of Kingston Academy. Sept. 28, 1811, ordained at Bradford [(Jroveland] and was the sole pastor until 18.")1, when a colleague was appointed; lie sustained the pastoral relation to tlie clinrch until his death, which occurred December '2, 18.VJ. He married, first, Maria 1'. Cliamberlain of Exeter, X. 11.; second, Eunice Tutlle of Acton ; third, Sarah Brown of (irotou, who survived him. 107 t forth remarks from the presiding officer, the Secretary and others. Ill the evening an instructive lecture was delivered in the church by the President of the Society, Dr. Andrew Nichols of Danvers,* "On the Advantages of the Study of Nature," which closed this interesting day. After mentioning the meetings of the Institute held in this place in September, 1859, and June, 1860, and the cordial receptions extended on these occasions, he called upon Mr. p]. S. ]Morse to give some account of his obser- vations during the forenoon's ramble. Mr. E. S. Morse of Salem, after a few remarks on the findings of the day, gave a description of the insect which is the cause of the froth found on grass. This froth goes by the name of frog spit, and is supposed by many to be made by frogs, while others are aware that the substance in question is made by insects, but sup- pose the insects to be young grasshoppers. They are quite different from the grasshopper, belonging to an entirely diflerent order. The creature causing this froth matures into a little wedge-shaped bug called leaf hopper, an hemipterous insect, the Ptyelus lineatus of Fitch. The eggs are deposited in the autumn, and are hatched in the following summer. In their larval or immature condi- tion only are they surrounded l)y this froth}^ substance. It has been stated that these insects excrete their frothy covering, whereas they excrete a clear liquid, and blow it up afterward. This they accomplish by reaching out of the fluid their posterior segments and clutching, as it were, a drop of air, which they drag Avithin the fluid holding it for a while against the under surface of the * See page 80 of this volume ; also Proceed. Essex Inst., Vol. i, pgge 49 and Vol. ii, page 26. 108 « body, and then allowing it to escape in the fluid. This, repeated many times, converts the fluid into froth. Dr. Jeremiah Spofford* was the next speaker. He retains his vigor in a remarkable degree for one who has reached fourscore and four years, and in his remarks gave an interesting account of the academy of which he was one of the founders, as follows : — MERRIMACK ACADEMY. Merrimack Academy originated in repeated conversa- tions between the Rev. Dr. Perry, then pastor of this church, and mj'self, who now, after the lapse of half a century have devoted much of my time and care during the last year to rebuikling its ruined walls, destroyed by fire in September, 1870. Dr. Perry and myself had then numerous families, in need of better advantages than the phice afforded, and others were in the same situation, and some of us not well able to incur the expense of maintaining children at distant schools. These conversations resulted in the drawing up a paper by myself, whit-h was headed by ]\Ir. Periy, and followed by Dr. Benjamin Parker, f Capt. * Jeremiah Spofford, son of Jeremiah and Temperance Spofl'ord, was born at New Rowley [Georgetown] Dec. 8, 1787; married, Oct.U. 1813. Mary Aver, daugh- ter of Deacon Eleazer and Mary [Flint] Spofl'ord, of Jafl"rey, N. II. First settled in Hampstcail in 18i;J, a physician, and removed in 1817 to East Bradford, now Groveland, where he now resides, having continued in the practice of his profes- sion flfty-Uve years. Author of a Gazetteer of Massachut^etts, '' Reminiscences of Seventy Years," a Spofford Genealogy, etc. t Benjamin- ParivER, son of Bradstrcpt and Rebecca [Balcli] Parker, was born at Bradford [Groveland]. Nov. ll,17.')'.i; graduated at Harvard College In 1782; Dartmoutli in 181'J conferred ujion him the honorary degree of M. D. He prac- tised medicine in Virginia about twenty years and returned to his native town in 1800, where he resided until Ills ileatli, wliich occurred May 11, 1815. Married Hannah Moullon of llanii)stead, N. II., in 181G; three sous. 109 George S:ivary,* jNIoses Parker, Esq.,t William Green- oiigh f and others, promising to pay certain proportions or shares, in the erection of a building for academy purposes. The building was raised July 4, 1821, was finished and occupied for a school in Xovember of the same year, con- sisting of about twenty-five scholars, male and female, mostly, but not wholly, of this place. Mr. Stephen ]\Iorse, § a native of the town and gradu- ate at Dartmouth, was the first teacher, with a female department during the two summer terms, first taught a few weeks by Miss Harriet Wood, j] but most of the time of those and the two succeeding summer terms of the next year by Miss Mary Frothingham 1[ of Xewburyport, afterwards the wife of Rev. William Withinotou. The school was no sooner in operation than application was made to the legislature for an act of incorporation, which was obtained, incorporating Rev. Gardner B. Perry, Dr. Benjamin Parker, William Greenough, Esq., Dr. •Capt. George Savauv. son of Major Thomas and Polly [Rollins] Savary, was born January 30, 17U3, at Bradford [Groveland]. A boot an/1 shoe manufacturer and trader; repre.'^entative and senator of Massacliusetts legislature. Married Louisa, dau. of Benjamin Balch of Salem. Died at Groveland, March 28, 1854. t Moses Parker (son of Bradstreet and Rebecca [Balcb] Parker) was born April 20, 175(). Trader and ingenious mechanic; did much for the academy and town. Died July 9, 18;37. t Wii,i.i.\M Greexough, son of William; a trader and farmer; representative of Massachusetts legislature; born at Bradford [(iroveland] Oct. 2.'), 17G3; mar- ried Abigail Parker (sister of Benjamin Pai-ker); died Oct. 7, 1851. § Rev. Stephen Morse, son of Deacon Thomas and Rebecca [Cole] Morse, was born at Bradford [Groveland], Feb. 24, 1794; graduated at Dartmouth Cpllege, 1821; at Andover Theological Seminary, one year; married Jfartha. daughter of Dr. Jona. Kittredge of Salisbury; settled in the ministry at Merrimac and Troy, N. H., Biddeford, Me, and at Post Mills, Tt. In 1817, on account of ill health, re- tired to Thetford, Vt., where he died May 22, 1855. II Harriet Wood, daughter of Abner Wood of Xewburyport. TTMary Fkotiiingiiam of Xewburyport; a successful teacher.; married Rev. William Withingtou, an Episcopal minister of Dorchester; died young. 110 Jeremiah SpofForcl, Ebenezer Rollins,* Phinehas Parker, f Capt. George Savary, and Capt. Samuel Tenney. :|: Rev. Elijah Demond§ was named in the act, but declined the trust. Mr. Stephen Parker |1 was elected trustee in 1824. Dr. Perry was president of the board thirty-five years, till his death ; Dr. Spofford was secretary about twenty years, and president after Mr. Perry. Capt. Benjamin Parker, If elected trustee, was secretary and treasurer nearly thirty years. The school did not entirely sustain itself, in its early years, but all deficiency was made up by an annual assess- ment upon the trustees, resident in town, and on one occasion one hundred and forty dollars were paid, at an evening session, to square accounts, by a voluntary con- tribution by them alone. Rev. David L. Nichols** was preceptor about two years. His health ftuling, Mr. John C. March, afterwards * EnKNEZEK RoLLixs, SOD Of Eliplialet and Patty [Sargent] RoUiui? ; merchant in Boston. t Phinehas Pakker, son of William and Hannah [Hardj] Parker; born at Bradford [Groveland] Dee. 3, 1783. In early life went into business in Boston; in 1827 retired and removed to Newburyport, and died at that place Oct. 7, ia')0. J Capt. Samuel Tennev. son of Solomon and Bctscy;[Savary] Tenney, born Feb. 21, 17G4; died April, 1828. § Rev. Eli.taii Demond, son of Israel Howe and Hannah [Henry] Demond. born at Rutland, Mass., Nov. 1, 1790; graduated at Dartmouth College in 181G; studied at Andover Theological Seminary; settled in the ministry at West Newbury, Lincoln and Princeton ; married Lucy, daugliter of Aaron Brown of Groton and has resided at Wcstborougli, Mass. II Stephen Pariceu, son of Daniel ami Abigail [Bailey] Parker, born Nov. 11. 1783; married Mchitable, daughter of Wni. Palmer; a boot and slioe manufacturer and trader; representative of Massachusetts legislature; died Aug., 18iil. irCai)t. Benjamin Pakker, son of .'Stephen Parker; trader lifly years; married Anne, daucrhter of Barker Lapham. **Rev. David Lowell Nichols, son of Stephen and Martha [Robinson] Mcliols, born at Amesbury, Mass., Aiir. 12, 1794; grjiduated at Dartmoutli Colli'ge in !81(i; tea(;herat Richmond, Va., Groveland and other places; studied divinity and was ordained but never settled on account of ill health; died at Kingston, April 22, 1829. ^ I Ill Rev. John C. March* of Belleville, succeeded in 1825, during one 3'^ear. Dr. Alonzo Chupin, f afterwards mis- sionary at the Sandwich Lslands, and now physician at Winchester, Mass., taiiuht one year. John Tenney, Esq.,:}: afterwards an attorney at Methuen, taught one term. . Mr. Sylvanus Morse, A. B., of "West Boylston, com- menced his valuable service in November, 1827, and sus- tained the school upon its own resources till April, 1844, seventeen years. Mr. Morse's long term was a great benefit to this institution and to the town, nearly all the children of the founders of the institution, and almost a whole generation of the young people of the town passed more or less time under his tuition, and were influenced by his wise instruction and gentle manners. Nor was the time passed here less pleasant to himself — his attach- ments were strong. It was his misfortune to lay his tiist- born son in our cemetery, and by their preference and direction, the earthlv remains of himself and his amiable wife have been recently brought from a distant residence to rest by his side. Mr. Benjamin Greenleaf, § many years preceptor of *Rev. JOHN' Charles Makch, born at Newburypoit. Oct. 9. 1805; giailuatcd at Tale CoUefre, 1S25; settled over the Second Church iu Xewbury [Kelleville Parish], March, 1832, and coutiniied as the pastor until hid decease in September, 1846. fDr. Aloxzo Chapin, a student of medicine; for several years a missionary at the Sandwich Islands; now physician at W'inchester, Mass. J John' Texnet, son of Shubael and Mary [Jameson] Tenney, boni at Dun- stable, Sept. 12, 1799; graduated at Dartmouth College, 1824; counsellor at law in Methuen; senator in Massachu.«etts legi.^lature and executive councillor; married first, Mary Augusta, daughter of Bailey liartlett of Haverhill; second, Augusta, daughter of Joseph and Lucy [Osgood] Sprague of Salem; died April 9, 1853. § Benjamin- Gkeexleaf, son of Caleb and Susannah [Emerson] Greenleaf. born in the West Parish of Haverhill, Sept. 2."), 1780; gi-aduated at DartmouUi College, 1813. He resided at Bradford and was for many years a successful teacher and author of a series of arithmetics which for many years were largely intioiluced into the schools of New England and other states. He represented Bradford iu the Massachusetts legislature in 1837, 18:J8 and 1839. He married Lucretia, daughter of Col. James Kimball of Bradford. He died Oct. 29, 1864. 112 Bradford Academy, kept one term, during the sickness of Mr. Morse, with much approbation. Mr. Rufus C. Hardy,* a graduate of Dartmouth, sus- tained a useful and reputable school here from April, 1848, to 1860, upon the tuition received, which tuition was from three to five dollars a term, of three to four montlis, or less than twelve dollars a year, a small expense compared with the extra expense of board and travel, in supporting scholars at the distant schools, for which the public money is expended ; in addition to losing the privilege of parental superintendence of children at home. Miss Mary S. Frothingham, before named, Miss Sophia Perry, f sister of Eev. Dr. Perry, Miss Judith D. Pea- body, I sister of the London banker, and INliss Hannah Parish, § daughter of Rev. Dr. Parish, were successively and successfully employed in a separate female depart- ment till February, 1829, Avhen, by vote of the trustees, a separate female department was discontinued. The town was much iudebted to Mr. Hardy, :ind his sister. Miss P^meline Hardy, || now deceased, for sustaining a highly useful school here for more than ten years. During the successful operation of this academy it sent forth more than one thousand pupils, and we could often *RuFCS Chandler IIakdy, son of I'hineas iuul Olive [Parker] Hardy, born at Bradford [Groveland] Feb. 18,1814; graduated at Dartmouth College, 1842. He coinmeiiced teacliiiij^ in the academy in 1848, and continued with success for ten yeans, living at the old homestead. t Soi'iiiA Peuuy, sister of Kev. Dr. Perry of Groveland. X Judith Dodgk Pkaiiodv. daughter of Thomas and Juditli [Dodge] Peabody, of Haverhill and Danvers, a sister of George Peabody, the distinguished London banker; born April .'J, 17".i!); married, lirst, Jeremi;di Kussell of Georgetown, and second, Robert S. Daniels of Danvers; I'e.sides in Georgetown. §Mis3 Hannah Pauisii, d.iu. of Ucv. Dr. A. Parish of Newbury. IlOuvK Emkmxe Hakdy, a .sister of Hufn.s C. Hardy, was a graduate of and an assistant in the academy two years and teacher in the town scliools nearly twenty years; died in IH'Jl, aged T)!. 113 count ten to thirteen of its srnuluatcs, natives of tlic town, in business as successful teachers, in tliis and the neigh- boring towns;* with a corresponding elevation of the habits and manners of the population. Now, with an amount spent for town schools fourfold what it then cost for them and the academy, in the vain attempt to make learned gentlemen and ladies of the whole community, we hear of no teachers t'voni our town schools, and have a deterioration in our manners and morals which I have no disposition to portray. Tlie academy stood, and was useful for short terms ot schooling and social purposes, till September, 1870, when it was destroyed by tire. To the speaker, who then stood and now stands alone of the original board of trustees, and who had in younger life expended his utmost energies for its erection and sup- port, and experienced and witnessed its usefulness, this was a sad and sickening sight. Capt. Benjamin Parker was early elected a trustee, and in 1827 secretary and treasurer, and though an octogenarian like myself, and confined by sickness, has, by his counsel and his vote, rendered essential aid in the re-occupation of this spot, so dear to the memory of a thousand of its alunnii and their friends, with a build- ing, larger than its predecessor, in which we have the pleasure of meeting 3'ou this day, for scientific purposes, instead of the solitary visit of some of you, w'ho may remember its schools, its lectures, its exhibitions, and its * In tills connection mention ni;iy be made of the valuable services of Miss- Appliia Spoflord, a teacher for fourteen j-ears, and Miss Sarah Tenney, a teacher for twenty years in the public i^chools of this and other towns. The first is sister of Dr. Jeremiah Spofford. born July 1, lim; man-ied Amos J. Tenney. Esq.. of Georgetown ; at that town she now resides, his widow. The second is daugliter of William and Abigail [Jaquei^] Tenney. and is now a much respected inhab- itant of this town. Essex Ixst. Bulletin. iv 15 114 flower garden, to cast a melaucholy look over its dust and ruins. Our pupils, having been largely of the class who had talents and energy to educate themselves, have given a high average, and Ave have known of no failure, among the large numljcr who have gone forth to honorable sta- tions, in all the professions ; and we have yet to learn if the high schools, Avhich are supported by taxation, in all the large towns, with a view to giving a scientific and clas- sical education to the whole [population, are furnishing us as many, or as talented teachers as flowed out spontane- ously from the four thousand pupils of our seventy acad- emies, without cost to anybody but themselves, twenty years ago. Our self-made men have always held honor- able competition with the sons of affluence, or the proteges of the State ; and it is yet doubtful whether acad- emies, accessible to all who had taste and talent, to work their own way to learning and business, were not better than high schools for a whole population, upon free cost, and half a dozen schools, remote from a great part of the state, furnished with palatial buildings, and all the modern conveniences that a state's wealth can purchase ! Mr. James H. Emerton of Salem, mentioned several cases of protective colors and habits in spiders which he had seen in the i>Tove durin^^ the mornin2: walk. The common Epeira caudata of Ilentz, covers the re- mains of its prey and other rul)bish with loose silk and arranges them in a lino across the web, with room enouirh at the centre for the spider, who draws her feet close to her body, showing only the brown and gray abdomen, which can hardly be distinguished from the dirt around it. A specimen of Attiis was caught on dried oak leaves, u the woods, colored almost the same shade of brown, 115 mixed Avith black ; which, when it was still, could hai'dly be found among the leaves. Another curious spider, of which three specimens were found, had the abdomen i)rolongcd beyond the spinnerets, much as in E. caudaia. Its color was brownish-yellow, with darker marks, like dried grass, and it hung in the web with its leifs laid close together, and bent in front of the head, looking like a bit of straw accidentally dropped in the web. Messrs. Abner S. Phipps, the agent of the State Board of Education, and D. B. Hagau, principal of the State Normal School in Salem, being invited, made short addresses upon the utility of a knowledge of the natural sciences, combining in good proportions wit and wisdom. Rev. S. C. Beane of Salem spoke of the system of compulsory education as sometimes not effecting its object if there were wanting in the towns a disposition to carry out the spirit of the law, and mentioned some of the advantages that accrued from the academies which were in a flourishing condition some years since, and were located in many of our rural towns. Rev. E. C. BoLLES of Salem described the various mosses that were noticed in the rambles, illustrating the subject on the blackboard, as had also Messrs. Morse and Emerton. Mr. Bolles was quite eloquent in showing the perfection of nature in all her works, manifesting the absolute perfection of the Creator in all his attributes. Mr. La Roy F. Gkiffix, principal of the Phillips Academy, Andover, spoke of the interest he had long felt in the Institute, datinir back to the time when he was 116 at Beverly, and expressing high appreciation of the influence of the Institute in tlie cause of popular educa- tion. He exhibited a specimen of coral which he had picked up in Beverly. The chair suggested that it Avas probably found near the site of an old lime kihi, similar specimens having been found in like places in Salem. The coral was probably brought from the West Indies by the traders on the return trips and was burnt with shells and other materials containing lime collected on the beaches aiid elsewhere for the lime that "was used for building purposes during the provincial period. Mr. Goldsmith, principal of the Andover High School, followed with a few words expressive of the importance he attached to such organizations in the interests of use- ful knowledge. Mr. C. H. Webber, after a few preliminary remarks, offered the following resolution, Avhich Avas unanimously adopted . Resolved, That the thanks of the Essex Institute are due and are hereby tendered to Dr. Jeremiah Spolford, Dr. Morris Spoflbrd, Rev. John C. Paine, Messrs. Chas. Stickney, D. H. Stickney, Eldred S. Parker, George P. Carlton, O. B. Merrill, B. E. Merrill, Frank Savary, Charles Drew, N. Hopkinson Griffith, Jos. H. Hopkiuson of the DcAvhirst line of Haverhill & Grovelnnd ()ninil)uses, Mrs. Martha W. Parker, Mrs. jNIoses P. Atwood, Miss A. T. Spolford, and all others who have been active in making our visit to-day so pleasant and protitablc. Dr. Spoffohi) and Rev. ]\Ir. Paine of Grovcland re- sponded, saying that they Avere grateful to the party for the visit, and trusting that it might servo (o awaken and perpetuate in their locality a dooper love tor natural his- tory and scieiatilic attainniont. 11.7 The visitors took the return train :it 5.08, entirely esc:ii)inf; the drenching rain which soon coninienced fall- ing, and which fortnnately ceased before their arrival at Danvers. While awaiting the Lawrence train for Salem, a beantiful rainbow appeared in the eastern heavens, awakening those hopcfnl emotions always inspired by the bow of promise. THE FIRST WHITE HAMBURG. AND THE FIRST MUSCAT OF ALEX- ANDRIA GRAPE-VIXE IMPORTED INTO THE UNITED STATES.— Communicated by Jones Very. In the year 1822, Capt. Jones Very, of Salem, brought to Boston from Malaga in the Barque Aurelia, with a cargo of fruit and wine, two grape-vines ; a White Hamburg, and a Muscat of Alexandria, orKoyal Muscadine. These were then al)out two inches round, and were rooted in two large green earthen vases. It was his intention to keep them ; but finding it inconvenient, he sold them to a neighbor, Mr. William Dean, living on the opposite side of the street (Essex St., opposite BufFum's Corner), who had just built a greenhouse. Under his care they grew, and have been very productive ever since. The last year 1871, the grapes were very abundant and large. The White Hamburg is now, 1872, fourteen inches round about two and a half feet from the ground, where it divides into two branches, each seven inches round. The Muscat is seven inches round about two and a half feet from the ground, where it branches. These two vines, as I have been informed by J. F. Allen, Esq., are the parent vines of all of these two kinds in this country, being the first imported into the United States. The es- tate of Mr. Dean is now owned by Mr. George W. Varney. 118 Field Meeting at Annisquam, Thursday, August 8, 1872. A PLEASANT, warm summer's" day, so congenial and appropriate for a visit to the seashore, where can be enjoyed the cool and refreshing breezes of the ocean, induced man}' to accompany the Institute on this excur- sion to the rock-bound coast of Cape Ann. After a pleas- ant ride in the cars to the Gloucester station, and thence by carriage some four or live miles, the party arrived at the place of meeting in Aimisquam, a parish of Gh^ucester on the north side of the Cape. The latter portion of the trip was exceedingly interest- ing and attractive, passing over a road abounding in rich and varied scenery and in many places highly picturesque ; huge masses of rock, with small patches of green verdure interspersed, were conspicuous ; the little brown, weather- stained, moss-covered cottages, that thirty years ago were marked features in the landscape, are giving place to a more substantial and connnodious class of structures with all the appendages of the new and im[)rovcd residences ; thus indicating that the inhabitants are prosperous and turning their attention to a less precarious employment. From an early period the fisheries have been carried on with varied success at several points on the Cape, around which have clustered villages of considerable extent ; al- though in this section the business has declined, yet the increased attention in others, esi)ecially at the "Harbor," has made Ghnicester the most important fishing place on the continent. The introduction of the stone business, which com meuced at Pigeon Cove in 1824, and has, in a great de- gree, supeVseded the fisheries, effected this change and has 119 largely contributed to the voalth and prosperity of this peoi)le. ]\Iany companies have 1)een formed, and from Sandy Bay to Annisqnam, a distance of six miles, huge derricks thickly stud the landscape, and the sharp click of the drill hammer has become a familiar sound. The attention of the summer tourist to the seashore has had a corresponding intluence in this direction. Many of the retired and secluded spots on the shores of this county have been appropriated for private residences, and others are gradually being taken up for similar purposes. In this immediate neighborhood the stone mansion of Gen. B. F. Butler at Bay View is conspicuous. ]\Iany summer visitors were in this place to pass the hot term — they come literally in swarms, not only from the inland cities and towns of New England, but from New York, the West, and a few from the South. Many of the families camp out by the shore in tents, while others are beginning to have their ''cottage by the sea." The natural curios- ities of this place, the woodland attractions, the rides, embracing some of the grandest sea views in the world, the shores generally high and bold, with fine beaches in many places, the bracing and invigorating air — these combined make this place a very desirable resort, in the summer season, to the invalid, the tourist and the pleasure seeker ; at other seasons to the sportsman for its sea fowl, gunning and fishing ; and at all times to the naturalist for its marine fauna and llora, its peculiar geologiciil forma- tion and fine minerals found in the seams exposed during the process of quarrying. Mechanic's Hall, at Squam Point, was the place of ren- dezvous for the day, where, on arrival, an informal meeting was held, a cordial welcome extended, and arrangements made for the various excursions. Some rambled over the hills and on the shore, as inclination dictated ; some 120 enjoyed a pleasant sail in the harbor (several l)oats near by were made available and bronght into requisition).; others crossed over to Coffin's beach and farm on the West Gloucester side to visit the beach and the rocky cliffs upon which the sand had been bh)wn and had given them, at a little distance, the appearance of sand hills, and also to look for Indian shell heaps, usually found in similar localities. In former times this opposite shore was a mass of dense woods ; but they have been cleared away and these sand heaps now give a variety to what was formerly hills of grass and other vegetation. The views from the high lands were very extensive and very enjoyable ; Coffin's Beach, Castle Neck and Plum Island, at the head of Ipswich Bay, were seen stretching away to the northwest, but owing to a haze in the horizon Agaraenticus and the Isles of Shoals, which are usually visible from Lookout Hill, could not be seen. There is also a curious trap dyke leading from one of the camping houses and within a few minutes walk of the place of rendezvous. A little past noon the various parties began to reas- semble in the hall to partake of their lunch, the people of the village having kindly provided a bountiful supply of tea and coffee, and extended other civilities, which were gratefull}^ received ; afterwards adjourned to the Universalist Church at the head of the Cove, Avhere the public meeting was hold, commencing at 2 r. m. ( To he continued) . BULLETIN OF THE Vol. 4. Saleji, Mass., September, 1872. No. 9. One Dollar a Tear iu Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. Field MeetijS^g at Annisquam, Thursday, August 8, 1872. [ Con tinned . ] The President in the chair. Records of precediug meeting read. The President in his opening remarks alluded briefly to the objects of the Institute, the origin of the field meetings, the opportunity offered thereby to gather infor- mation, from every part of the county, of historical and scientific value, and also to awaken an interest for these pursuits in the several places visited. He mentioned that two meetings the present season had previously been held: one at Middleton, an inland town diversified with hills and dales, wdth many by-paths skirted with shrub- bery and flowering plants, with pleasant ponds and run- ning streams ; on the shores of one of these ponds known as Forest Lake was the rendezvous for the day ; the other at Groveland, on the banks of the Merrimac, with the Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 16 122 beautiful grove ou the river banks, hence its name, and fine views from the several eminences in the centre of the town. He said that this day they had come to the sea- shore, the rock-bound coast, lashed in the wintry months wdth the tempestuous waves, and that in the summer the calm and placid waters, the cool and refreshing breezes rendered it a most delightful retreat ; that here another field was opened for their inspection, the marine fauna and flora, and the peculiar geological formation of this part of the coast. The speaker reminded them that thej^ had come to a new place, not newly settled but new to most of them, and in common with the members of the Institute he had found much enjoyment in visiting these new scenes and attractions. Mr. F. W. Putnam of Salem was called upon and made some interesting remarks founded on two specimens which he had collected during his rambles in the forenoon. INDIAN SHELL HEAPS. He said that he had taken a boat and visited Coffin's beach and the sand hills adjacent, Avith the hope of dis- covering some of the Indian shell heaps which are fre- quently found along the New England coast, often buried beneath the sand drifts, and uncovered at other times by the shifting of the sand. He h:id found but one such at Coffin's farm as the excessive heat prevented him from continuing his search. From this one he had obtained a small piece of Indian pottery, which was passed round and exhibited to the audience. He said this was a piece of an ornamented pot, as was shown b}' the groove across it, and iVoni the curvature of the piece it must have been a part of a small vessel. Some of these [lots were 123 eighteen inches in diameter, and others quite small. The Indian pottery was composed of clay and pounded clam shells, and dried in the sun at first, though afterwards, as they were used for cooking purposes, they had the appearance of having been baked. These shell heaps also contained axes, gouges, arrow-heads and otlier stone implements, and particularly interesting was a kind of lish spear made of bone. There was also found a kind of awl made of bone, finely pointed and used by the Indians for making holes in skins, etc. I3y an examina- tion of the kitchen refuse heaps of the Indians, it could be determined pretty accurately the kinds of animal food that were used by them. Bones of the deer, moose, and the other animals once common to this part of the coun- tr}', had been found ; also the black bear, and in one instance a tooth of a white bear, which indicated that though this animal is an inhabitant of the arctic regions, he might have been occasionally found, in times long past, in these latitudes. In all, the bones of some ten or twelve of the different kinds of mammalia had been found in these refuse heaps. The bones of a bird now extinct, as is believed, the last known specimen having been taken in Greenland, the great auk, had been found. This bird was of a heavy build and incapable of flight. Of the fish, the Indians used all the common kinds here taken, and they also consumed large quantities of the fish known as the wolf fish, devil fish, or monk fish, which we regard as unfit for food. More than two-thirds of the fish bones found in many of these Indian refuse heaps were of this species. EGG CASE OF THE SKATE. Another interesting specimen obtained by him was the egg case of one species of the skate. This is found on 124 our beaches and is supposed by many persons to be a kind of sea plant, being black and of the texture of dried rockweed. In shape it very much resembles a hand bar- row and one of its common English names is derived from this resemblance. This case is formed in the ovi- duct of the fish, and unlike the process in other oviparous animals, where the shell is the last part of the egg pro- duced, this case or shell is in part formed before the egg is deposited in it. The egg, enclosed in the case, is then laid and becomes attached to various substances by means of hlameuts extending from the projections or tubes of the case. After a while the young skates are hatched, when the empty shell is driven on shore. jNIany of the skates lay eggs of this character, others are viviparous. The common dog fish, which is a species of shark, is vivip- arous, and produces five or six young in a perfect state at a time. Some of the larger species of sharks are oviparous, others are viviparous. Mr. Putnam's remarks were listened to with much interest, many of his facts being new to a large portion of the audience. HISTORICAL NOTICES OF THE THIRD PARISH AT ANNISQUAM. Rev. E. W. Coffin, of Orange, Mass., a former pastor of the society at Annisquam for the term of five years, was next called upon to give a short sketch of the history of the society. He said that Mr. Hooper, the present pastor, having been notified that it would be desirable for him to give the meeting some information concerning the rise and progress of the Parish in whose church they were to assemble, and having made arrangements, which he could not change without groat inconvenience, to be absent on his summer vacation at the time of holding the meeting, had requested him to supply the desired infor- mation. He had, when pastor of the society, prepared and 125 delivered two discourses on its history, but as he did not have them with him at this time, he could only avail him- self of the matter contained in them, as far as his memor}'- could serve him, and he might make some mistakes. This was orio'inallv the third Con<>roi>;ational Parish in Gloucester, the one in the harbor being the first, and the one in the West Parish being the second. The first minister settled over the parish was Benjamin Brad- street, who was settled in 1728, and continued pastor till his death in 1762. He had a numerous fomily, and one of his daughters married James Day, a resident of this village, and some of their descendants are living in this neighborhood at the present time. From the best infor- mation he (Mr. Coffin) could obtain, he believed that the first meeting house, which probably stood near the old burying-grouud at Bay View, was burned, and that on the question of building another a division arose as to the location, some of them wishing to rebuild on the old site, and some on the site of the present church, and that at a meeting of the Parish it was decided by a majority to build on the old site, and that the frame of the l)uilding was prepared and placed on the spot preparatory to rais- ing it the next day. But when the people came to the raising the next morning they found no frame there, the friends of the present location, having, during the night, removed the whole of the timl)er to this site. This action settled the question as to location, and the meeting house was built on the place where this church stands, and here it stood till 1830, when it was replaced by this structure.' Rev. John Wyeth was the next minister ; he was settled in 1766, but remained only two years. The parish could not be called minister worshippers, as might be judged from their peculiar way of hinting to Mr. Wyeth their desire for a change : once a musket ball was fired just 126 over his head, and his black horse, during one night while in the pasture, changed color by a liberal applica- tion of whitewash. The pastor finally took the hint and left, stopping at the top of the hill, and shaking the dust from his feet as a testimony against them. The next minister was Rev. Obadiah Parsons, who was an eloquent man, and his pulpit services were very acceptable. Sto- ries were circulated discreditable to his moral character, however, and he was finally dismissed. It is related that at the council called to consider his case, the principal witness against him was a colored woman, and the ques- tion arising whether the testimony of a colored person should be received, it was decided at that early day not to receive the same. The church remained without a pastor until the Rev. Ezra Leonard, who is and ever will be held in high veneration b}^ the people of Squam, w^as settled in 1804, and remained pastor till his death in 1832. A remarkable change took place during his ad- ministration, he publicly embracing the doctrine of Uni- versalism in 1811, carrying the whole society with him, with the exception of four or five families. In announcing this change of views, he preached a Univcrsalist sermon, and told them he believed this doctrine, and must preach it if he preached at all. The parish voted to retain him until his year expired, and in the following March the record says it was voted that "he continue to preach the gospel as usual." Mr. Coffin also gave a short sketch of all the ministers of the parish since the death of Mr. Leonard, but want of space forbids our following his remarks further than giving their names, time of service and brief individual notices. Rev. Abraham Norwood, one year; Rev. Eli)ridgc Trull, one year; Rev. fb)hn llaiiinian, three years; Rev. Geo. C. L(^ach, (bur years ; Rev. i\I. R. Newell, three 127 years ; Rev. J. A. Bartlett, two years ; Rev. B. II. Clark, one year ; Rev. E. "\V. Coffin, five years ; Rev. Nath'l Gunnison, three 3ears ; Rev. E. Partridge, two jcars ; Rev. L. L. Record, three years ; Rev. J. H. Tiiller, one year; Rev. J. II. Willis, two years; Rev. F. A. Benton, one 3'ear : bringing ns down to the present pastor, Rev. Mr. Hooper, who was settled in 1871, and whose tempo- rary alisence we regret to-day. The church, as a Uni- versalist body, has had fifteen ministers, of whom only seven survive. Mr. Norwood has been an able and amiable minister, residing now in Conn. Mr. Trull thought he could do l)etter in furnishing medicine for the bochj, and so engaged in the druggist business. Mr. Harriman left the ministry and engaged in secular pursuits, and has been dead many" years. Mr. Leach united with, and is now a member of, the Catholic church. Mr. Newell committed suicide about six years ago, in West Brattleboro', Vt. Mr. Bartlett died a few 3'ears ago, having previously retired from the ministry. Mr. Clark changed his view^s while at Annisquam and never preached afterward. Mr. Coffin has ever been, and is now a Universalist minister of the conservative type, and is now settled in Orange, Mass. Mr. Gunnison one of our most able and excellent minis- ters, died two years ago, in Maine, of paralysis. Mr. Partridge is yet alive, "hale and hearty," although "the almond tree flourishes" to a perfect whiteness. Mr. Record, a most excellent man and minister, left for the higher life two years ago. Mr. Tuller is yet living in one of the Avestern states. Mr. AVillis is now settled in North Orange, Mass. ]Mr. Benton Avas a young man of brilliant talents and a very good man, but too radical to suit a majority of the parish at Annisquam. He is now preaching to a radical society in the west. 128 Allen W. Dodge, Esq., of Hamilton, was the next speaker. He said he had been introduced as the County Treasurer, but he did not think that circumstance Avould add much to the interest of his speech. He said if any one had a draft ou him in his official capacity, he would pay it at sight, but as to any scientific drafts, he should require several days' grace on them. He said the world regarded the acquisition of wealth as the only true suc- cess, but he thought that the young men of this Institute who had been sitting at the gates of the temple of nature, and knocked till they had obtained an answer, and had then given the knowledge thus obtained to the world had attained a higher success. Mr. Dodge's remarks were highly entertaining and valuable, and we regret that space will not permit a more extended abstract of the same. Rev. L. J. LiVERMORE of Cambridge, at present sup- plying the Unitarian pulpit in Danvers, expressed his appreciation of such organizations as the Essex Institute. Hon. James Davis, the Trial Justice of Gloucester, claimed to be a Squamer, and as such he had a right to welcome the excursionists to-day, which he proceeded to express in most cordial language. Hon. J. J. Babson, of Gloucester, being called upon, gave an interesting historical sketch of annisquam. Me. President : — In response to the call upon me for some historical incidents connected with the spot upon which we are assembled, I have merely to observe that such of these incidents as are of general interest are very few. Fabaous Capt. John Smith, 30U all know, made the 129. first exploration of the coast of New England, from Pe- nobscot Bay to Cape Cod, in 1614. Within these limits, accordins: to his own acconnt, he "sounded about twenty- five excellent, good liarl)ors," but whether the one some of you have sailed upon to-day was included in the num- ber or not, no one can tell. From the hills you have looked out upon "Augoam" and the great bay "north of the fair headland Tragabigzanda." We must rejoice that this name, notwithstanding the romantic interest con- nected with it, was soon changed for that of Ann, queen of James I. The name Squam is an Indian word, first occurring in print, so far as I knoAv, in William Wood's map of Massachusetts, drawn in 1633, where it is spelled AVouasquam. It also occurs in Winthroi^'s Journal, under the year 1635 ; and at a little later date in Josselyu's "Ac- count of Two Voyages to New England." He spells it Wonasquam, and calls it "a dangerous place to sail by in stormie weather, by reason of the many rocks and foam- ing breakers." The scenic features of this locality are very noticeable ; and, considering the rugged character of its surface, it is hardly surprising that eighty-six years elapsed after the incorporation of the town before a sufficient number of inhabitants were found on it to set up a distinct parish organization. Of this, and its ministers, Mr. Coffin, one of the number, has just given us an interesting account. He miglit, if time had permitted, have enlarged much upon the ministry of Rev. Ezra Leonard. I look upon the conversion of this pastor and his people from the an- cient faith of the New England churches to the doctrine of universal salvation as one of the most remarkable events in the histor}-- of the town. Here is a minister, a graduate of BroAvn University, educated in the strictest doctrines of Calvinism, and settled over a church which Essex Ixst. Bulletin. iv 17 130 has for many yeai-s listened to him as the exponnder and advocate of these doctrines, who announces to his people that a great change in his religious belief has taken place, and that he must, if not there, elsewhere, henceforth preach a doctrine he has all his life been laboring to de- stroy; and these people, after serious deliberation, con- clude that it is better to change their religion than to change their minister. This action Avas a striking testi- monial to the superiority of christian character over sec- tarian profession, and the result of it was an abundant harvest of religious harmony and joy throughout the twenty years of his continued ministry. The memories of these people are even now, fcn-ty ^ears after his death, full of the kind words and good deeds of this honored and beloved pastor. The description of the good minis- ter in Goldsmith's "Deserted Village" will apply to him. "Iil'en his failings leaned to virtue's side;" so, at least, must have thought the poor, ill-shod woman wdiom he met in the road as he was walking home (me wintry day, and to whom he gave the pair of shoes, which, to supply an urgent need of his wife, he had been to the harbor to buy. Rev. C. E. Barnes of Salem felt a deep interest in the study of nature. He believed that the more we knew of nature, the more plainly should we perceive that the God of creation was the God of revelation. Dr. Addison Davis of Boston, a Squam l)oy, spoke most eloquently of the swarm of B's al)ounding here : beauties, beaches, berries, bclk^s, etc. He was glad that the Institute had come here, for he knew tliat thc\' would come again. Men who stud^^ do know something better in quality and quantity than those who do not, and they increase the sum of human happiness. 131 The Librarian announced the following: additions : — By Donation. AnnoTT, C. C, of Trenton, N. J. Official Register of tlio OiTicei-s and Men of New Jersey in the llevolutionary War. 1 vol. 8vo. Trenton. X. J. 1872. Gate. S. M. The Pellet, a paper at the Ilomooopathlc Fair, Boston, April, 1872. FOOTE, Caleb. Files of several County papers. May, June, July, 1872. Green', S. A., of Boston. Fourth Annual Report of the Trustees of the Boston City Hospital. 1 vol. Svo. Boston, 1SG8. Miscellaneous pamplilets, 47. Griffin', La Rov. of Aiulover. Catalogue of Phillips Academy. 1871-2. Hayden", F. V. U. .'>. Geological Survey of the Territories. Profiles, Sketches, etc. 1 vol. Ito. Xew York, 1872. Peabody Acadejiy' op Science, Salem. Memoirs. Vol. i, No. 3. POORE, B. Perley, of West Newbury. [J. S. Official Register, 1871. 1 vol. Svo. Post Office Directory, 1 vol. Svo. Wasliington and Georgetown Directories for 18CS, 18(59, 1870. 3 vols. Svo. Salem National Bank. Boston Daily Advertiser, 1871, 1872. Salem Marine Insi^rance Comp.\ny. New York Commercial Advertiser, 1858, 18.59. 18G0, 3 vols, folio. New York Daily Advertiser, 18G1, 1 vol. folio. New York Shipi)iug List, 18.')7-8, 1858-9, ISGO, 1801, 4 vols, folio. Boston Daily Adver- tiser, 1854, 1857, 1858, 18G0. 1861, 5 vols, folio. Spencer, Thomas, of Bransby, near Lincoln, Eng. Doomsday Book Transla- tion by Chas. G. Smith, 1 vol. Svo. Battle of Agincourt, 1 vol. Svo. London, 1S33. Spofford, Dr., of Groveland. Genealogy of the SpolTord Family, 1 vol. 12mo. By Exchange. American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Memoirs of. Vol. x, Pt. 1, 18G8. Proceedings of, sigs. .38-51 of Vol. viii. 1870. Arciiiv fuu Antiiropologie. Bd. v. Heft II, 1872. 4to pamph. Bibliotiieque Universelle et Revi:e Suisse. Archives des Sciences Phy- siques ct Naturelles. Nos. 1G(!-173, 1872. 5 pamphlets, Svo. Canadian Institute, of Toronto. The Canadian Journal of Science, Litera- ture and History, Vol. xiii, No. 4. July, 1872. Gesellschaft NATURFORScnENDER Freunde zu BERLIN. Sitzungs-Bericlite, 1871. Svo pamph. Iowa State Historical Society. The Annals of Iowa. Apr., 1872. Svo pamph. K. K. ZooL. Botan. Gesellschaft in Wein. Verhandluugen, Yahrg., 1871. Bd. xxi. 1 vol. Svo. KoNGLiGA Svenska Vetenskaps AiCADEsnifeN STOCKHOLM. Oversigt,Bd. xxvi, xxvii, 18G9. 1870. Lefnadsteckningar, Bd. i, Hafte II, 1870. Handlingar, Bd. vii, viii, ix, 18G8, 1869, 1870. L'iNSTiTUT Royal Grand-Ducal de Luxembourg. Publications, Tome xii, Svo pamph. 1872. ' N.\TURAVISSENSCHAFTLICHER GESELLSCHAFT ISIS IN DRESDEN. SitzUngS- Berichte. Oct., Nov., Dec, 1871. Svo pamph. New England Historic-Genealogical Society. Hist. Gen. Register and Antiquarian Journal, .Inly, 1872, Svo pamph. Royal Society of Tasmania. Monthly Notices of Papers and Proceedings for 1870. Svo pamph. SENCKENBEUGISCHE N.VTURFORSCHEN-DE GE.SELLSCHAFT IN FRANTCI^URT. Ab- handlungen, Bd. viii, Pt. I. II. 4to pamph. Bericht, 1870. 1871. Svo pamph. 132 Society D'Acclimatatiox. Bulletin. IMeusucl. 2me Serie. Tome ix, 1S72. Vereix zuu Befordekuxg des Gartesbaues in Berlin. Wochenschiift, Jahrg, xiv. Numbers l-.'52. 1871. Zeitsciiuift fur die Gesammten Natcewissenschaften in Berlin. Bd. iv, July-Dei;., 1871. 6 pamphlets. 8vo. Publishers. American Naturalist. Cliristian World. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's Friend. Salem Observer. The Secretary announced the following correspon- dence : — J. W. Balch, Boston, July 31; J. Prescott. Boston, July 30; Boston Public Library, July 22; Bowdoin College, Trustees, Aug. .5; Buffalo Historical Society, July 22. Aug. 2; Frankfort-a-M., Die Senkenbergisclie Naturforschende Gesell- schaft, Mar. 19; Loudon Royal Society', July 1 ; Maine Historical Society, Aug. 5; Maryland Historical Society, July 2.3; New England Historic-Genealogical Soci- ety, Aug. 5; New York Historical Society, July 19, 22, Aug. 3; Ohio Historical and Philosophical Society, July 30; Rhode Island Historical Society, Aug. 1; Stockholm, L. Academic Royale Suedoise des Sciences, Avril, Mai 8. The President read the following letters from Messrs. Thomas Spencer and E. W. Farley, which were addressed to him and had recently been received. Bransby, NEAR Lincoln, lOtli 7th mo., 1872. De.vr Sir: — I have this day forwarded, by son Franklin wlio sails from Liverpool in the "Spain" for New York, a partuil translation of Doomsday book and hope that it may be accepted as a small contri- bution to the historical department of the Institute. I am prompted to do so by the fact that on one of my voyages from Salem to the old countiy, some Salem gentlemen requested me to hunt up a full trans- lation of the original Doomsday. This commission I could not execute and I am not now aware that such a translation is extant. Witli this volume there is a map of England which exhibits a picture of the country very much as the Pilgrim fathers left it behind them. I have forwarded by the same conveyance History of the "Battle of Agincourt" because it contains the Roll Call of the principal English gentry, the class who followed our lifth Henry in his famous expedi- tion. I remember on one occasion hearing the Kev. Mr. Wllhington of Newbury quote from this Roll Call to prove from the similarity of names that the principal part of the early settlers of New Eugland were fpm the same class. This little reminiscence prompted me to send the History. It is not a readable book any more than Doomsday, 133 but it may have au interest for the archaeologist and, peradventure, a place iu the historical department. It is a cherished doctrine of mine that the history of old England and New England are identical up to the great Kevolution. I beg to acknowledge the receipt of books and papers relating to the antiquities of Salem and its vicinity, together with some that exhibit a pleasant picture of the happy life of the good people of the good old town. Long may they continue to enjoy their happiness. I remember with affectionate gratitude their kindness to me and mine when we were poor and strangers among them. Believe me, dear Dr. Wheatland, thy sincere friend and humble coadjutor, Thomas Spexckr. New Castle, Maine, July 29, 1872. Dear Sir: — During my pleasant call at the rooms of the Institute, at Plummer Hall, in October last, in company with my friend, Cyrus Woodman, Esq., of Cambridge, I promised to send you a history of the oak arm-chair, which I saw there, which was presented to the Essex Historical Society, June 27, 1821, by the late Robert Brook- house, Esq., of Salem. This I should have done long since, had I not been waiting to make a lit disposition of another chair, the mate of yours, at that time iu my possession and wliich has a history similar to yours, down to the time the latter went into the possession of Mr. Brookhouse. I have given mine to Bowdoin College, for a Commencement Chair, with a plate added, suitably inscribed. As my letter to President Chamberlain, of that Institution, embraces all that is of interest con- nected with both chairs, including a chest and a tape loom, all of which comprised a set of four pieces of furniture, formerly belonging to the Dennis family, of Ipswich, in your county, I send you by this mail, a copy of the Brunswick Telegraph, of July 2Cth inst. containing the letter, and it is unnecessary for me to add any thing farther to the subject of this communication. Yours very respectfully, E. W. Farley. The following extract from the letter of Mr. Farley to President Chamberlain was then read. Its history is this : it was brought from England, probably in 1635, when Daniel and Thomas Dennis, the first emigrants, so far as I can discover, of the Dennis family of Ipswich, Essex County, Mass., came over. This chair, with its mate, similar in style, though a size smaller 134 (from which circumslanco, I infer that it was for the matron of tlie house), an oaken chest, about 2 feet G inches in length, by 1 foot G inches in width, with legs, and a lid, its sides carved like the cliair, and a small tape loom, such as tlie ladies of the olden time used to manu- facture their garter stuff, comprised a set of four pieces of furniture, which my paternal grandmother, Sarah Dennis, wife of John Farley, both of said Ipswich, bro-ight to this town, to which they removed in 1772 or 1773. Its mate, through Robert Brookhouse, of Salem, Mass . who married a daughter of my grandfatiier Farley, found its way back to Essex County, and was presented by him to the Essex Historical Society (since merged in the Essex Institute), on the day of its organization, June 27, 1821, and was occupied by the venerable Dr. Holyoke, its tirst President. It is now at the rooms of the Institute, at Plummcr Hall, in Salem. Some years afterwards, the chest went into the possession of Mr. Brookhouse,' aiid is now in the possession of his daugliter (by a second wife), Mrs. Perkins, wife of Judge Per- kins, of Salem. The tape loom has been lost, or destroyed. That chest bears the date of 1630. David Dennis, a brother of niv grandmother, Sarah Dennis, aforesaid, who died at Nobleboro', in this State, in October, 1843, aged 92. told me a few months prior to his decease, that these pieces of furniture were then more than 200 years old. His statement, taken in connection with tiie date upon the chest, establishes, I think, beyond reasonal)le cavil, the age of the chair. Mr. R. Knowland of Marblehead, tifter a few pvcliini- nary remarks, offered a resolution of thanks to the pro- prietors of the ehiirch, to Messrs. James S. Jewett, Georo'c Norwood, Josiah Friend, John D. Davis, Elias Davis, Jr., A. F. Bragdon, W. E. Dennis, John A. Going, James A. Dennison, Fred. Davis, Fred. W. Lane, James Davis, E. W. Coffin, and all others who had been aetive in their attentions, during this pleasant vi^it to Anni- squam. The resolution Avas unanimously adopted. The meeting closed at 4 oVlock and the party was con- veyed from the church to the raih'oad station in carriages in waiting and departed highly pleased Avith their excur- sion, both as to the kind reception by the people of the village and the beautiful scenery and views presented on every liand. 135 CATAI-OGITE OF THE MAIMMALS OF FLORIDA, WITH NOTES OS THEIR HABITS, DISTRIBUTION. ETC.— Bv C. J. Maynakd. INTUODl'CTIOX. Tiir, followiiiii- paper i.s the result of notes taken during tliree win- ters' travel in Florida. These journeys were undertaken mainly for the purpose of studyiuij: the habits of the birds found in this reijion, but considerable attention was also paid to the inaniuials. The t'lvst trip was made duriug the winter of 18G8-G9, when the country about the lower St. John's, Lake Harney, and the eastern coast, north of Cape Canaveral, was explored. At this time I was accompanied by Messrs. C. A. Thurston and J. F. LeBaron, who served as assistants. The second journey was accomplished duriug the season of 1870-71. Then the country on the western coast about Cedar Keys, and the southern portion of Florida, including the Keys aud Everglades, were visited. I was assisted in my researches by Mr. H. W. Henshaw, and accompanied by my artist friend, Mr. E. L. \Yeeks. The ensuing winter (1871-72) found me once more on the St. John's Kiver. The country along this river was explored as far as South Lake; then w^e visited Indian River and examined the coast as far as Spruce Creek on the north, south to Jupiter Inlet. I was accom- panied by an assistant, Mr. E. C. Greenwood, and Messrs. G. W. Wiuegar, T. P. Barnes, Jr. and F. A. Ober. I am indebted to the gentlemen named for notes aud specimens. I would also tender my tluinks to Capt. Douglass Dummett of East Florida, Dr. J. V. Harris of IMiami, Mr. J. L. Burton, wlio served me well as a guide, for valu- able notes and assistance, and to Prof. S. F. Baird, Dr. Harrison Allen aud Mr. J. A. Allen for kindness in identifying specimens. Besides the notes upon the habits, distribution, etc., of the species given, some of which may perhaps be new, I have been able to add one species to the fauna of the United States, one to the easteru sec- tion of the Union and one to Florida. A few other mammals than those given may occur in the state, especially the smaller species. But I trust this will prove a tolerably correct catalogue of the mam- mals which inhabit Florida. FELIDiE. 1. Felis concolor Linn. Pantlier, Tiger, Puma. This large cat is very common on Indian River, in the interior and more southern sections of the state, but is not found on the Keys. It is quite a formidal)le animal, growing sometimes to be eleven feet in longtli. measuring from tlie end of the nose to the tip of the tail, and 136 if its courage corresponded with its size it would be a dangerous foe to the inhabitants. It is, however, exceedingly cowardly and I never knew of any well authenticated instance of its attacking man, al- though some stories were related of its carrying away young children, which may have been true. The puma is capable of performing such feats, for it possesses gi'eat strength. Capt. Dummett informed me that he had shot one near his plantation in the autumn of 1871, which had killed a full grown buck and was devouring it. Like many of this family the puma is nocturnal in its habits and remains concealed in the dense swamps and hummocks during the day, commonly reclining on the limb of a tree. It is said to drop upon its prey from such an elevation, and many old hunters warned me against passing through the thick woods in the early morning or late in the evening as they said that the tigers were usually on the alert at such times and might be tempted to spring upon one if he were alone. It is very inquisitive when its dominions are invaded during the day, and will often follow the intruder for some distance, uttering a low, moaning cry, but is always careful to keep concealed. Besides this peculiar low note it emits a variety of harsh sounds, some of which are only given during the night, and are quite terri- fying when first heard, especially one in particular which resembles the scream of a woman in extreme agony. This cry is more fre- quently given in March, when the males are in pursuit of the females. I think the young are dropped in the autumn. Skins of this animal which I have seen from Florida are of a decidedly rufous color Avithout spots or bars. It may be well to remark that I have frequently heard, from hunters, of tigers which were not only of a larger size than the common species, but which were said to be spotted. I never saw a specimen, but it is not impossible that the closely allied species Felis onca may be found here, although I hardly think it probable. [To be contiiuced.] BULLETIN ESSEX: in^STITTJTE. Vol. 4. Salem, Mass., October, 1872. No. 10. One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. CATALOGUE OF THE ilAMM ALS OF FLORIDA, WITH NOTES ON THEIR ILVBITS, DISTRIBUTION, ETC.— BY C. J. Maynard. [Continued.] 2. Lynx rnfns Eafixesque. Common Wild Cat. This animal is abundant even on the borders of the settled districts. It is quite annoying to the planters, for it not only commits serious inroads upon hen I'oosts, but frequently carries oflf young pigs. It is a nocturnal animal, and is seldom seen abroad during the day, but conceals itself in the tliiclc hummocks. During the season when the males are in pursuit of the females it may be occasionally met with, especially in the morning and evening. At this time its loud and varied cries are heard, sometimes during tlie daj', but oftener during the night. This is naturally a cowardly animal, and will invariably fly from man when it has the power to do so. The wild cats are only as large as setter dogs, yet they possess great strength, and a man re- quires considerable determination to attack one when placed in such a situation that it cannot escape. My friend, Mr. Thurston, once seized a full grown male, that was only slightly stunned by a cliarge of dust shot, and strangled it, but did not escape without receiving some scratches. xVlthough shy when faced, they will often approach quite near one when sleeping in the open air, and I have upon two Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 18 138 occasions been awakened by their cries to find the beasts within a few feet of me, but upon my moving tliey instantly sprang away. Florida specimens of this species are fully as large as those from more northern localities. I give the dimensions of a full grown male taken at Dummett's. From nose to eye, 1-80; to ear, 4"78; to occiput, 6-00; to root of tail, 33-00; to outstretched hind leg, 48-00. Tail to end of vertebra, 7-75; to end of hair, 8-60. Length of hind leg, 7-00. Length of hand, 4-40; width, 2-00. In color Florida wild cats are much more rufous than those from the north, and are inclined to be more spotted. CaXID/E. 3. Canis lupus Linn. Gray Wolf. The stronghold of these wolves is at present in what is called the "Gulf Hummock" in western Florida, where they ai-e quite numerous. According to Mr. F. A. Ober they are also found about the Kissinee River and Lake Okechobee. I saw the tracks made by a single ani- mal near Salt Lake. It was accustomed to pass along a sandy road every night for the greater pai't of the time which we remained in the vicinity. My guide, Mr. Burton, who had resided near this place for some months, infoi'med me that he had never seen it, nor had any of the settlers, although it was frequently heard to howl. I did not meet with any wolves about Miami nor do I think that they occur south of the Everglades. Individuals who have frequently taken this species describe them as being very dark colored, usually quite black. 4. Vulpes Viryinianus Eichardson. Gray Fox. Common in the wilder districts. This little fox does not appear to do any great degree of mischief on the plantations and it is pi'obable that it finds sufficient wild game to satisfy its appetite. I once sur- prised one that was cautiously making its way towards a large bevy of quails with the evident intention of capturing some. Specimens from Florida are quite gray in color, especially upon the upper parts. MUSTELID.E. 5. Patorius liUreolus Cuvier. Mink. I saw but a single specimen of this animal- This was on the St. John's River above Blue Springs, where one swam across the river but a short distance in advance of our boat. I did not loam that it was at all common ; indeed, nearly all the hunters seemed entirely unacquainted with it. 139 One feature, noticed in skins of this species taken in Maine and New Hanipsliire, which [ have never seen mentioned, is the presence of white hairs whicli are more or less numerous in the dark colors of the back. This species appears inclined to albinism, but the appear- ance of the white hairs is not the result of this disease, for in every instance that I have seen of an approach to all)inism the fur turns white first and the hair afterwards. 6. Lutra Canadensis Sabixe. Otter. Verj' abundant throughout the greater part of the state. I found them as numerous on Indian River as in the interior, but did not meet with them at Miami, in the Everglades or among the Keys. The fur is of little value in comparison with northern skins; the best winter pelts being worth but five dollars each in Boston. The usual price paid iu Jacksonville is from seventy-five cents to one dollar, conse- quently they are not hunted much and therefore are not shy. They are quite inquisitive and will sometimes follow a boat for some distance, or approach any one standing upon the shore. At the same time they will utter a short, continuous grunt. Otters may frequently be seen chasing each other sportively through the water, and while we were in the vicinity of South Lake, my guide, Mr. Burton, called my atten- tion to certain smooth paths in a sandy spot, which he said wei'e otter slides. They appear to amuse themselves by dragging their bodies over the smooth sand, just as the same species glide down snow- covered river-banks at the north. The slides in Florida were situated at some distance from the water. The color of adult otters from this state is strongly inclined to reddish-brown, but the young which are dropped iu February are very dark. I think I never saw a moi'e beautiful animal than a young specimen of this species which was captured at the head of Indian River by Mr. Thurston. It was only about two weeks old, yet was covered with a fine coat of exceedingly glossy fur. 7. Mephitis mephitica Baiud. Common Skunk. This species seems to be restricted to the more northern portions of the state. Specimens taken iu this region present the same varia- tion regarding the distribution of the black and white which is no- ticeable in this animal elsewhere. Although the amount of the above named colors is changeable, it is unusual to see the skunk of a dif- ferent hue; yet Mr. F. A. Ober of Beverly has a specimen which was taken in that place, that is marked in a very singular manner, inas- 140 much as tliose portions which are usually black are in this instance pale brown or fawn. 8. Mephitis hicolor Gray. I-ittle Striped Skunk. This pretty little species which, previous to my discovering it in Florida, was not known to occur east of the Mississippi, is very abundant in certain sections of the state. They are confined to the narrow strip of land which lies between Indian River and TurnbuU Swamp, being found as far north as New Smyrna and south to Jupiter Inlet. They appear to take the place of the common skunk, which does not occur in this section. They frequent the scrub, and traces of them may be seen at all times, for they have the habit of digging small holes in search of insects, like the preceding species. These skunks are easily domesticated and I have frequently known of their being used in the houses for the purpose of catching mice. Some- times the animals are captured and the scent glands removed, but they are often simply decoyed about the premises by exposing food, when they will take up their abode beneath the buildings, and will soon become so tame as to enter the various apartments in search of their prey. Ursid^. 9. Procyon lotor Stork. Eaccoon. "Very numerous both upon the mainland and among the Keys, even frequenting the low mangrove islands which are overflowed by every tide. They subsist upon flsh and crabs to a great measure when upon the seashore, but in the interior they live chiefly upon the fluviatile mollusks (Unio, Pomus, etc.). They are strictly nocturnal, seldom appearing abroad during the day. In color the Florida raccoon dilfers from New England specimens in being more ruibus; the black markings are not as conspicuous, the dark rings on the tail being sometimes nearly ol)solete ; in fact, adult specimens from Florida in this respect resemble those from New England. 10. Vrsiis Amerkamts Pai-l.vs. Black Bear. Very common, especially in the unsettled districts; giving the in- habitants considerable trouble by destroying young pigs. Although extremely abundant in certain sections, as the numerous tracks indi- cate, it is diflioult to see one, for they chiefly move about during the niglit. The bears of Florida do not liibernate, but are not quite as active Huring tlie winter months as in summer. Tlic young are 141 born in earlj' spring, after Avliich the females are said to be somewhat dangerons, especially if surprised Avheu with their cubs; but at other times both sexes are arrant cowards. They will not even molest one when sleeping, but will always avoid the presence of man when aware of it. I have made my bed in a bear path and, in the morning, found by the tracks made by them iu the night that they made a wide cir- cuit rather than pass near me. The food of the Florida bears is variable. During the early winter they feed on the berries of the common and the saw palmettoes; later in the season the}" eat the tender new growth, or buds, of the above mentioned plants ; for this purpose thej' w'ill climb the tallest palmetto and with their strong claws will tear out the "cabbage," as the new growth is sometimes called, and eagerlj' devour it. The removing of this bud is no easy task even to an experienced person provided with an axe, yet Bruin's great strength enables him to force the tough leaf- stalks asunder with the gi'eatest of ease. Trees which have been treated in this rough manner invariably die and a large number may be seen in this condition iu any cabbage swamp. When the king or horseshoe crabs come on shore to deposit their spawn, the bears resort to the shore and, after turning the crustaceans over, scoop out their softer parts. They ai-e also aware of the time when the sea turtle lay, and during the mouths of June and July walk the beaches nightl}' and devour the eggs. Indeed, so persistently do tliey hunt for them that it is almost impossible to find a nest that has been undisturbed. The bears of this state are fullj' as large as those from New Eng- land, and the hair is as dark colored. I have also seen skins that were but little inferior to northern ones in woolliness, but generally they are only covered with hair. One which I procured at Dummett's in the winter of 1869 is singularly marked, for it has brownish lines starting from the point of each shoulder and extending down the legs on the inside. The other portion of the hair is black. The young for a year or two are strongly inclined to reddish-brown. The bears inhabit the entire portion of the mainland, but are seldom found on the Keys. Cervid^. 11. Cariacus Virginianus Gray. Common Deer. Very numerous in almost all sections. The deer of Florida are not likely to be exterminated very soon, not only because of their abun- dance, but because the inhabitants do not kill them wantonly, know- ing that they are extremely valuable to them for food, and the tourists who possess sufficient skill to capture any number of them are scarce. 142 When we first attempted to huut deer we were almost always un- successful, even rarely being able to see one, and were informed by the hunters that w^e did not go out at the right time. Upon ques- tioning them they told us that the deer were governed in their time of feeding by the moon. An hour before moonrise the animals arose from their beds or came out of the hummocks to feed upon the grass in the clearings, or in the piuj^ woods, continuing until after the moon Avas up. An hour before the moon southed {i. e., attained its highest altitude) they did the same thing, and also when it was directly be- neath the earth, making in all eight hours feeding time. At first I laughed at this as an old hunter's notion, for although it is easy to understand why the deer should feed at those times Avhen the moon rises near night and sets near morning, it is difficult to perceive whj' they should conform to the same I'ule through all the varying phases. But after three seasons' experience I am obliged to acknowledge that as far as my observation extends this theory is correct. The deer are certainly seen feeding much more frequently during these stated times than at others. Of course one occasionally meets a straggling animal at other hours, but I never found any number on their feet at any other time. All the hunters with whom I have conversed also confirm this. Another singular fact is that the great horned owls hoot at the feeding time of the deer, even if it be broad daylight. I have observed this fact on many occasions, and the hunters, when they hear the owls, say "now the deer are feeding." Early in February the deer moult. The bucks then lose their horns and the does arc lieavy with young, which tiiey drop in March. Before the moult the hair is of a bluish color, but after shedding they take on a sleek coat of fine reddish hue. This animal is found in all sections, even on the Keys. They inhabit small islands where they can obtain little or no fresh water, yet deer from these localities are noticeably lai'ger than those from the mainland. Of this fact I iiave been assured by Lord Parker, an English gentleman who has spent several winters in Florida, and who has killed a large number of these animals in all sections of the state. Manatid^e. 12. Trichedius manatus Linx. iManatee. This singular animal is fuund in large numbers about the inlets of Indian liiver, and Capt. Dummett informs me that he has captured specimens as far north as his place, which is within five miles of the head of the river. I have been informed by creditable authorities that it is reNnarkably abundant upon tlie western coast in tlie various rivers and creeks which abound between Tampa Bay and Cape Sable. 143 I have never seen it in Mosqnito or Halifax Lagoons and am confident that it docs not occur there. This species is said to feed upon the leaves of the mangrove during the night. DELPIIIXID.E. 13. Delphinus erebennus Cope. Porpoise. A large number of porpoises Avhich T take to be this species occur abundantly about the bays, salt water rivers and along the entire coast of Florida. It is also probable that a second species may be found. Vkspertilioxid^. 14. Lasiurus Xoveboracensis Guay. Red Bat. Common in the more northern sections of the state, frequenting the woods. During the day they rest hanging head downwards upon the leaf of a tree. Specimens captured are not only smaller in size than those from the north, but are much deeper in color ; the fur, however, is generally tipped with ash. 15. Scotophilus fuscus H. Allen. Carolina Bat. Common throughout the northern sections, but more abundant in the vicinity of settlements. I once captured a female specimen of this species which was heavy with young, placed her in a cage and left her. After an absence of an hour or so I returned and found that she had escaped, but had left a young one clinging to the woodwork on the side. The little thing was entirely naked, but was furnished with teeth, which it showed when handled and endeavored to bite, squeaking after the manner of all these animals. I replaced it in the cage, where it remained until night, but in the morning it was gone and I supposed that its mother had carried it away. 16. Scotophilus Georrjianus H. Allen. Georgia Bat. Two bats which I haveMn my collection, that were shot about ten miles south of Salt Lake, I think are of this species. The specimens were taken in the evening and were flying about near a small pond in the piny woods. 17. Xycticejus crepuscxilaris H. Allen. Mr. J. A. Allen in the "Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" (Vol. ii, No. 3, p. 174) states that there is a specimen of 144 tins bat in the museum at Cambridge -u'liich was collected in Florida by Mr. Charles Belknap. 18. Corynorhinns macrotis H. Allex. Big-eared Bat. Dr. Harrison Allen in his monogram of North American Bats (p. 55) cites a specimen of this species which was collected in Micanopy, Florida, by Ur. Bean. NOCTILIOXID^. 19. Nyctinomus nasutus Tomks. A bat was shot by a member of my party on the St. John's River, near Jacksonville, early in the winter, which I am confident was of this species. This specimen was unfortunately lost. SlIENODERMIDiE. 20. Artiheus perspiccilalune Maynard. Tailless Leaf-nosed Bat. "While at Key West in the early winter of 1870, I observed several large bats flying about the city, which closely resembled in flight a species which I had seen in northern Florida two years before, but which flew so high that I was unable to shoot them. I was very anxious to obtain a specimen, but as shooting was prohibited in the streets of the city of Key West, and as I never saw the bats else- where on the island, feared that I should be obliged to go away with- out one. I was, therefore, agreeal)ly surprised one morning to see a boy enter my room with a bat in his hand, which from its large size I knew could be no other than the species which I had so long desired to obtain. He said that he had found it hanging upon the leaf of a tree and had killed it with a piece of limestone. It is a leaf-nosed bat, and Dr. Harrison Allen has kindly identified it, from sketches sent to him, as the above species. This is, I think, the first instance on record of a bat of this form being taken on the Atlantic slope. This species, without doubt, inhabits the whole of Florida. Thej- fly early in the evening, often before sunset, and, as has been remarked, usually ver3' high. None of the bats of Florida appear to hibernate, or at l)est thoy only remain quiet during an occasionally cold night. SORECID.E. 21. Jilarinn brevicaudn et talpoidcs Baihd. ^ Mole Sliivw. I found a single specimen of this little species in an unused cistern. 145 at Miami. I have never seen it elsewhere in tlie state, although it probably occurs. TALPIDJ5. 22. Scalops aquaticus Fischer. Shrew Mole. Very common at Blue Spring, where they do considerable damage by disturbing the roots of vegetables and plants in the cultivated fields. They ai-e also said to eat sweet potatoes. They form their burrows only an inch or two below the surface ; throwing up ridges so that their presence is readil.v detected. This work is usually per- formed during the night. SCIURID^. 23. Sciu7-iis nigrr Linx. Southern Fox Squirrel. Quite common in the piny woods, but I do not think that they are ever to be found in the hummocks. Tliey feed upon the seeds of the pines and are therefore usually found in the tops of the trees which are commonly high; thus it is quite difficult to procure specimens, as on the approach of the hunter they conceal themselves among the thick foliage. They are extremely variable in color, specimens being found which exhibit all shades of coloration from pale rufous to black or dusky. The latter colors predominate, however. I think this spe- cies is confined to the more northern portions of the state, as I have never seen it at Miami. 24. Scutrus Carolinensis G:melix. Gray Squirrel. Very abundant in the northern and central sections of the state, but singularly I did not see it at Miami, or among the Keys. They inhabit the hummock* and are seldom seen in the piny woods. They have much the same habits as those which inhabit New England. But I cannot now remember of ever having seen a nest of sticks and leaves such as this species construct in the north. Specimens are not only smaller in size, but are also more rufous than northern indi- viduals. I have never seen a specimen of the black variety in Florida and am coufldeut that it seldom, if ever, occurs. Geomyix^. 25. Geomys pineti R.\finesque. Salamander. This singular animal is conlined to the more northern portions of the state, none being found south of Lake Ilai-ney. They inhabit the dry pine barrens, where in the process of burrowing they throw up Essex Inst. Buli.etix. iv 19 ' 146 little mounds which in some sections are quite numerous. They are provided with large cheek pouches, with which the}' are said to con- vey the earth to the surface. The salamander is seldom seen abroad during the day, and if they ever leave the burrows it is in the night. When by any accident they appear above ground in the daylight, they seem confused, and may be readily captured. MURIDJE. 26. Mus deciimanns Pallas. Brown Rat. Found abundantly at Jacksonville, not only in the city, but on the neighboring plantations. I do not remember of having observed it elsewhere in Florida. I have never seen a specimen of the common mouse (mus musculus) in the state. 27. Mus tectorum Savi. White-bellied Rat. The first instance of my finding this species in Florida was at Miami. There was an old cistern here which was formerly used by the troops which were stationed at old Fort Dallas. It was about ten feet deep, having cemented sides, and contained nearly two feet of water. Several species of the smaller rodents were frequently found dead and floating on the surface, having evidently fallen in while attempting to reach the water. Among them was a specimen of the white-bellied rat. As this was the only instance of nw taking it in the southern section of the state I am unable to give any account of its habits there. But I found it in immense numbers at Salt Lake, inhabiting the moist prairies. Here they build nests near the tops of the grass, somewhat after the manner tliat the white-footed mouse builds in bushes at the North. This species was probably introduced into the country from the vessels of the early Spanish discoverers. In the old world it inhabits the thatched roofs of houses, from which we may infer that this species originally found its home among thick reeds or grasses, of which the roofing would probably be composed. Thus in the white-bellied rat of the wilds of Florida we have an example of a species instinctively returning to its primitive habits, even though its ancestors from force of circumstances have for nianj' generations dwelt in a diflerent manner. 28. Ilcsperomys Icncnpus Wagneh (= cogiiatux, mijuidcs ct (/ossypinus of authors). Wliite-footed Mouse. This mouse is very abundant throughout all sections of the main- land of Florida, infesting the houses of the smaller settlements after 147 llic manner of the common mouse. I have also known tliis to occur in New Enghmd, especially in isolated buildings. I can see no reason why the so-called gossypinus should be separated from leucopiis, as I can find no constant character which would entitle it to a specific rank. 29. Hesperomys aureolus Wagner. Golden Mouse. I obtained two specimens of this beautiful little mouse near Dum- mett's. Both of them were captured in a house where the common species (leucojms) was also abundant. This was in the spring of 1869, but since that time I have never been able to find another, and the people who brought the specimens informed me that they were quite rare. 30. Hesperomys palustris Wag. Rice-field Mouse. Audubon and Bachman say that a specimen was obtained in the Everglades of Florida by Dr. Leitner. I was aware of the existence of a small rodent in these immense marshes, but was unable to obtain specimens. They probably were of this species, however. 31. Neotoma Floridana Say and Ord. Wood Rat. I saw nests of this species quite common about Jacksonville and Ilibcrnia, but found none at Blue Springs or at any section south of this point. But Prof. Baird, in his "Mammals of North America," cites a specimen which was taken on Indian River by Dr. Wurdemann. 32. Sigmodon hispidiis Say and Ord. Cotton Rat. Common throughout the entire mainland of Florida, and appears to frequent the marshy places along the borders of rivers and other bodies of water. Whenever we encamped in such localities the cot- ton rats would gather around to feed upon remnants of scattered food. It appears to be nocturnal in its habits. 33. Arvicola piiietoriim LeConte. Pine Mouse. I insert this species on the authority of Aububou and Bachman, who assert that they have received it from Florida. LEPORIDiE. 34. Lepus sylvaticits Bachman. Gray Rabbit. Abundant throughout all sections of the mainland, frequenting the 148 piue woods as well as the hummocks. The_v appear to have much the same habits as at the north. 35. Lepus palustris Bachman. Marsh Rabbit. Common in the marshes of the St. John's River. DiDELPHIDiE. 36. DideJphys Virginiana Shaw. Opossum. Common throughout the maiulancl of the state, but does not occur on the Keys. These animals are a decided pest to the inhabitants, for they are prone to rob hen roosts. They are strictly nocturnal, remaining concealed in the trees during the day. I have never met with an undomesticated animal so variable in color. Three specimens now before me exhibit the extremes. One, evidently an old individual, is gray throughout, inclining more to white, with no decided black markings, excepting the ears, legs and feet. The latter are black to the nails on some of the toes, while the other claws have a few white hairs at their bases. The tail is entirely white. Another, younger, has dirty white fur with black tips. Nu- merous long white hairs appear over the entire upper surface of the body, giving the animal a singular appearance. The hind legs and feet are black, as in the other specimens, to the nails, excepting a few white hairs at their bases. The front legs and feet are black nearly to the claws. The ears ai'e tipped with white, while the tail is black for the basal third, the remainder white. Another young specimen has tlie l)ase of the fur white, but with the tips so decidedly dark that it nearl}^ conceals the former color, and no one would hesitate to call it a black opossum. Yet its toes are white, there are white markings about the head, and a stripe on the belly is white, with a yellow suf- fusion between the fore legs. Only one-fourth of the basal portion of the tail is black. These three represent the widest variation I have ever met with, in point of color, and Mr. J. A. Allen, in the "Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" (p. 185), and Dr. Elliott Coues, in tlie "Pro- ceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of riiiladelpliia," for May, 1871, assert that the skulls are also extremely variable. Appendix. Mammals which were formerly found in Florida. According to Bartram the beaver (Castor Canadensis) was formerly found in t^ic state. lie makes mention of it in his travels in Florida, published in 1791. 149 The historians of De Soto's travels speak of herds of wild cattle beiiis found in Florida. They probabW allude to the buffalo (Bos Amcricanus), which without doubt extended its range to the prairies of the west coast. The last mentioned authors and other early writers also speak of a wild dog as inhabiting Florida. They cannot mean the wolf or the fox, for these are included in their lists of the animals of the then new country. It is possible that the singular species of dog now used by the Seminolcs of Florida was once wild. Domesticated species found in a uild state. There are hundreds of cattle in Florida which are now perfectly wild and have been in this condition since the first Indian w^ar, at which time they escaped from their owners. They generally inhabit what is termed tiie "Turnbull Swamp," a wide expanse of waste land which lies about the head of Indian Kiver. But I have seen them in the interior, near the head waters of the St. John's Kiver. They are rapidly becoming exterminated, however, as the settlers consider them common property and shoot them whenever they can. Hogs are also found wild in some sections, but not iu any great numbers. The usually black color of the domestic hogs of Florida has been noticed by Darwin in his fifth edition of "Origin of Species" (p. 26) on the authority of Prof. Wyman. He says that the light colored hogs contract a disease from eating the paint-root (Lachnan- thes tinctoria) which causes their hoofs to drop off, whereas black ones are not affected by it. I have carefully inquired into this matter and have not only observed for myself, but conversed with many in- telligent men upon the subject. I find that a slight error has been made iu the statement. The color of the hair or bristles has nothing to do with the health of the animal, but its hoofs must be black in order that it may eat the paint root with impunity. I have seen black pigs having white feet lame from this cause, and this is the usual opinion of all the pig raisers with whom I conversed. Yet this does not materially affect Mr. Darwin's argument, which is that the mere oxistence of a certain plant causes the hogs of this sectiou to assume a dark color, for if the hoofs are dark the wi)ole animal is usually dark. That the case may be made seemingly stronger I will say, that in some sections of Florida, where the paint root does not grow, white hogs are as numerous as black ones. I find that there is another reason why the settlers select hogs which are of a dark color. This is that they stand a better chance of escaping from bears than white ones, as they are less conspicuous, especially in the night. Now I can go a step farther and show that 150 the liogs of themselves assume a protective color. It is noticeable that hogs which have lived for generations in the piny woods are of a reddish hue, corresponding exactly with the color of the fallen pine leaves, so that it is almost impossible to detect one at a little distance when it is lying upon a bed formed of them. This instance, together with the fact that the black hoof is a safe- guard against the poisonous effects of the paint root, seems a conclu- sive argument in favor of the theory that the Florida hogs have made a slight advance towards forming a new variety or species. But I look upon it in another way, and see in these instances but illustrations of a law in nature which grants to nearly all animals the power of assuming protective colors, under certain circumstances, but in a limited degree. This is to be seen in many cases among ani- mals, the most familiar of Avhich is that of the northern hare {Lcpus Americanus), which in autumn puts off its brown summer dress and takes on one of the color of the snow, among which it has to live throughout the winter. The hogs of Florida return to the mixed colors in sections where the paint root does not grow and where no pains are taken to select black ones, or where their food and surround- ings are varied. There are apparently few or no analogous instances to the black hoofs being a protection against poison, yet I will ven- ture to say that did we understand the entire economy of nature, we should find many similar ones. Quarterly Meeting, Wednesday, August 14, 1872. The meetino: was held at 3 p. m. The President in the ehair. Stephen P. Driver of Salem and Charles F. Crocker of Lawrence were elected resident members. Regular Meeting, Monday, October 21, 1872. First evening meeting, present season, connncnccd at 7 30 p. m\ The President in tlie chair. Records read. 151 The Secretary .innounccd the following con-cspon- deiicc : — From American Geosvapliiral Societj', Sept. 18; Belfast Naturalists' Field Club; Brooklyn Mercantile Library Association. Oct. 8; Buflalo Historical Society, .Sept. 12; Eiliiiburjrh Koyal Society, March; Iowa State Historical Society, Aug. :i; Leeds Philosoi)hical and Literary Society, Sept. 1; London Society of Antiquaries, Aug. 31; Minnesota Historical Society, Aug. 2-2; Maryland Historical Society, Aug. 13; Moravian Historical Society, Aug. 9; New Jersey Historical Society, Aug. ."iO, Sept. 3; New York, Cooper Union, Sept. (!, Oct. 1.5; New York Genealogical and Bio- graphical Society, Aug. 21; New Y'ork Lyceum of Natural History, Oct. 7; New York State, Aug. 30; Ohio Historical and Philosoiihical Society, Aug. ."i, Sept. 6; Y'ale College, Corporation, Sept 23; Ammiden, P. R., Boston, Ang. 22; Anthony, 11. B., Providence, Aug. 8; Babson, J. J., Gloucester, Aug. 12; Boow. E. P., New Y'ork. Sept. 28, Oct. i, 17; Chever, D. A., Denver, Col., Oct. 13; Clark, B. H., Koch- ester, N. Y'., Sept. 20; Crocker, Chs. F., Lawrence, Aug. 17; Cram, Milo T., Hol- yoke, Mass., Aug. 19; Dall, C. H., Boston, Oct. 11 ; Drake, S. G., Boston, Sept. 13; Frary, Lucius H., Middleton, Sept. 3; Hanaford, P. A., New Haven, Conn., Sept_ 23; Higginson, T. W., Newport, R. I., Oct. 20; Hough, F. B., Lowville, N. Y'.. Aug.' 7; Marston & Prince, Lowell, Aug. 20; Perry, W. S., Geneva, N. Y'., Oct. 1; Roundy, Henry, Salem, Sept. 28; Tenable, J. E., Paducah, Ky., Sept. 16; Yeomans, W. II., Columbia, Conn., Aug. 8, Oct. 17. A letter was read from W. A. Williams, engineer on the Copinpo Railroad, to Capt. Robert INIanning, accom- panying a box of fossil shells and radiates, some found above the sea at Caldera, in extensive beds, at four hun- dred feet above sea level ; the others at Molle, about one hundred miles from the coast, at a height of live thousand feet above the sea, where the ground is strewed with them. Daniel Varney, Charles Baker and Catherine T. AA'oods, all of Salem, were elected resident members. Dr. J. L. Smith, Louisville, K}'. ; Prof. E. B. Andrews, Marietta, Ohio ; Prof. E. T. Cox, Indianapolis, Ind. ; Dr. G. M. Levette, Indianapolis, Ind. ; J. Collett, Esq., Eu- gene, Vermilion Co., Ind. ; Prof. C. A. White, Iowa City, Iowa ; J. L. Waters, Esq., Chicago, 111. ; Col. J. AV. Fos- ter, Chicago, 111. ; Prof. C. G. Swallow, Columbia, Mo. ; Piof. J. S. Newberry, New York, N. Y. ; Prof. A. Win- chell, Ann Arbor, Mich. ; Prof. Raphael Pumpelly, Cam- bridge, were elected corresponding members. ■ 152 The Librarian reported the following additions : — By Donation. Andrews, Miss. Manual for the General Court, 1864, 1 vol. 12mo. Bland's Treati!^e of Military Discipline, 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1727. Report of the Comp- troller of New York, 1854, 1 vol. 8vo. Report of the Portsmouth Relief Associa- tion, 1855, 1 vol. 8vo. The Railroad Jubilee, 1851, 1 vol. 8vo. Patent Office Report, 1818, 1 vol. 8vo. Foster's Book Keeping, 1 vol. 8vo. Pickering's Vocabulary, 1 vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, IG. BOLLES, E. C. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 29. Brooks, Mrs. Hexry 31. Woman's Journal, 2G nos. Butler, B. F., of U. S. H. R. Message and Documents, 1871-2, 5 vols. 8vo. Report of the Committee on Agriculture, 18G9, 1870, 2 vols. 8vo. Ku-Klux Con- spiracy, 13 vols. 8vo. Patent Office Reports, 1868, 4 vols. 8vo. Smithsonian Report, 1870, 1 vol. 8vo. Mineral Resources West of tlie Rocky Mts., 1871, 1 vol. 8vo. Re- port on Commerce and Navigation, 1870, 1 vol. 8vo. Congressional Globe. 3rd Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-1, 3 vols. 4to. Statistics ol Population. Ninth Census. Tables I-VIII. 1 vol. 4to, 1870. Report on Investigation and Retrenchment. Svo paniph. Report of the Commissioners of Education, 1870-1, 2 vols. 8vo. Explorations in Nevada and Arizona, 1871, 1 vol. 4to. Chandler, Z., of U. S. S. Proceedings of the National Union Republican Con- vention held at Phila., June 5, 6, 1872, 1 vol. Svo. Clark, B. H., of Rochester, N. Y. Directories of Roches^tcr for 1870, 1871, 2 vols. Svo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 5. Cole, Mrs. N. D. Salem Gazette, 70 nos. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 20. CONAXT, W. P. Ninth and Eleventh Report of the St. Louis Agricultural and JNIechauical Association, 1870, 1872, 2 vols. Svo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, G. Cutter, A. E., of Charlestown, Mass. Proceedings at the Dedication of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument at Charlestown, June 17, 1872. Svo pami)h. Daland, W. S., of New York. Directory of New York City, 1871, 1 vol. Svo. De Lorimer, W. K., of Dubuque, Iowa. Iowa State Gazetteer, 18ii5, 1 vol. Svo. GiLiiORE, L. 15., of Ann Arbor, Midi. Directory of Ann Arbor, 1868, 1 vol. Svo. IlAWKS, J. M., of Peusacola, Fla. The Florida Gazetteer, Svo pampli., 1871. Kellogg, C. A. & Co., of Rochester, N. Y. New York State Directories, 18G4, 1869, 2 vols. Svo. Directory of over one hundred Cities and Villages in the State of New York, 18()9-70, 1 vol. Svo. Directories of Central New York, 18()5, 1867, 2 vols. Svo. Butfalo City Directories, 186G, 1867, 18G9, 1870, 4 vols. Svo. Rocliester City Directories, 1864-5, 186G-7, 1867-8, 1870, 4 vols. Svo. KiMiiALr., James. Lawrence Directories, 1857, 1859, 2 vols. IGino. Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin, .\ug. 10, 17; Sept. 7, 14, 31, 28; Oct. 5, 1872. LouuAT, Ali'HONSE, of New York. Vine Dresser's Guide, 1 vol. 12mo. Mannlng Rohert. Jliseellaneous paniiihlets, 65. Mc. CUEERY, J. L., of Dubuque, Iowa. Director)' of Dubuque, 1865-0, 1 vol. Svo. Miscellaneous i)amphlets, 6. MooKE, Chas. B., New York. Indexes. Town of Soutliold, L. I. Svo paniph. National A.ssociation of Wool Manufactures. Bulletin for Apr.. Sept. ,1872. Oliver, IIenrv K. I'atent Office Reports, 1847, 18.J0-1, 1S.')1, l&Vi-.i, lS.-)3. ia54, lajG, 1857, 18.58, 18.59, 1861, 13 vols.Svo. Me^^sage and Documents, 1867-8.2 vols. 8vo. Auilitor's Report, 1867, 1 vol. Svo. Hawaiian Club Paiiers, Oct. 1868, 1 vol. Svo. Kiglitli Annual Keport ol tlie Insurance Commissioners, 1 vol. Svo. Key to Ihe Element o<" Arithmetic, by P. E. Cluise, 1 vol. 12ino. Miscellaneous i)amphlcts, 3.V2. [To he continued.] BULLETIN OF THE ESSE]X IIsrSTITTJTE. Vol. 4. Salem, Mass., November, 1872. No. IL One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. Dr. Packard gave the following account of recent EXPLORATIONS OF ST. GEORGE'S BANK. During the past summer Prof. S. F. Baird, the U. S. Fish Commissioner, with the assistance of Prof. A^errill, fitted up an expedition to explore St. George's Banks with the dredge, for the sake of ascertaining the nature and quantity of the animals living, upon and about these shoals, to which our Cape Ann fishermen annually resort for cod and halibut. Prof. Peirce, the Suiierintendcnt of the Coast Survey, who had detailed the steamer "Bachc," Commander Howell, to make soundings on and about the bank, generously made accommodations aboard the steamer for the dredging party ; and two nat- uralists, Messrs. S. I. Smith and O. Harger, assistants in the Yale College Museum, spent a porticm of Septem- ber aboard, and made several hauls with the dredge on the bank in about twenty fathoms, and again on the eastern edge of the bank in sixty-five fathoms, while Essex Ixst. Bulletin. iv 20 154 the most interesting resnlts were obtained farther east towards the Gulf Stream at a depth of four hundred, and four hundred and thirty fathoms. At this depth the dredge brought up about forty species of invertebrate animals, among them Schizaster fragilis,* an arctic Euro- pean sea urchin, Eupyrgus scaber^ an arctic holothurian, and numerous worms, together with Pecten puHtidosus Verr., not before found on our coast. On the sandy bottom of the top of the bank the large Pecten teiiui- costatus was abundant. The season being late, they were obliged to relinquish the work for their duties at New Haven, and Messrs. Packard and Cooke, of the Peabody Academy at Salem, on the 11th of October, ran out from Boston in the Bache, and were able to make one day's dredging on the northeast end of the bank, in forty and forty-five fathoms, on the sandy and gravelly bottom near the crown of the bank, at or near the fishing grounds for cod and halibut ; and then at the bottom of the bank in eighty-five, one hundred and ten, and one hundred and fifty fathoms, respectively, on a sandy, muddy bot- tom. The first haul of the dredge, made in one hundred and ten fathoms, proved exceedingly rich, bringing up numerous shells and worms, though few Crustacea, but several spatangoids {ScJdzaster fnigilis) and several sea pens {Pennatula aculeata) which had been dredged for the first time on this coast by Mr. Whiteaves in the Gulf of St. Lawrence in one hundred and sixty fathoms. The hauls made in one hundred and fifty fathoms also revealed these forms, and a singular starfish (^SoJaster furcifer), and Arcliaster arcticus, an additional species of *Thi8 and the other species mentioned were identifled by Prof. A. E. Verrill, who is pulJliKliing a rosume of the results in the current numbers of the American Journal of Science an I Arts. 155 sea pen ( Virgularia Lyngmanni) and other interesting mollusks and worms ; while two actiniae, one an enor- mous Cerianthus ((7. horealis), ten inches in length and inhabiting a tough, slimy tube, and the other, Bolocera Tuedios were discovered, together with Thyone scabra, and a Norwegian shell, Area pectunculoides and Neoira arctica, and several new species of mollusks and worms. The marine fauna of this bank seems to be much like that of the Bay of Fundy, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the banks of Newfoundland, and, in a less degree, the coast of Labrador. The discovery of the Pennatula, Schizaster and Area pectunculoides also makes its rela- tions with that of Norway intimate, and suggests that the assemblage of life at this region is a continuation of the Norwegian and arctic European deep sea fauna, and that it represents a continnous stream of arctic life pervadins: the ocean at great depths wherever the water is of suffi- ciently low temperature, from the polar regions to Cuba and Florida. The great abundance of life about the bank seems to show that the food for our edible fishes is in this region almost inexhaustible. After exploring this bank the Bache pushed on nearly a hundred miles farther east and with some difficulty, owing to an approaching gale from the southeast, obtained soundings in thirteen hundred fathoms. The sea risinar made dredging impossible, and the steamer was obliged from rough weather to run into Provincetown, and the weather continuing boisterous, to the great disappoint- ment of all, made any further attempts impracticable. Every possible facility was extended by Commander Howell and officers Jacques, Hagerman, Jacob and Kush, who personally superintended the dredging operations, which were carried on by night as well as by daj-, and to them the success of the explorations was largely due. 156 Mr. F. W. Putnam of Salem made the following com- munication on an ANCIENT INDIAN CARVING. By the kindness of Dr. Palmer of Ipswich, I am enabled to exhibit a very interesting carved stone, which was found by an elderly lady while hoeing potatoes in her garden located at Turkey Hill, Ipswich. Turkey Hill, situated between two small streams, and not fiir from the centre of the town, is a collecting ground well known to our local archaeologists from tlie large num- ber of stone implements that have been found in its immediate vicinity, and is especially noted for the small arrowheads of w^hite quartz and other stone that have been found there in considerable numbers. The dis- covery of the carved stone now exhibited will further identify the locality as one of interest to archaeologists. This stone was evidently carved with care for the pur- pose of being worn as an ornament, and was probably suspended from the neck. It is of a soft slate, easily cut with a sharp, hard stone. The markings left in various places by the carver, showing where his tool had slipped, indicate that no very delicate instrument had been used, while the several grooves, made to carry out the idea of the sculptor, indicate as plainly that the instrument by which they were made, had, what we should call, a rounded edge, like that of a dull hatchet, as the grooves were wider at the top than at the l)ottom, and the stria? show that they were made by a sort of sawing motion, or a rubbing of the instrument backwards and forwards. In fact, the carver's tool might have been almost any stone imi)lement, fi-oin an arrowhead to a skin scraper, or any hard piece of roughly chipped stone. The figure on the opposite page represents the stone of natural ^ize, its total length being two and a half inches. 157 It is of general uniform thickness, about one-fifth of an inch, except where the angles are slightly rounded ofi" on the front of the head and on the abdominal outline, and the portion representing the forked tail, or caudal fin, which is rapidly and symmetrically thinned to its edges, as is the notched portion representing the dorsal fin. The carving was evidently intended to represent a fish, with some peculiar ideas of the artist added and several important characters left out. The three longitudinal grooves in front represent the mouth and jaws, while the transverse groove at their termination gives a limit to the length of the jaw, and a very decided groove on the under side di- Fig. 5. vides the under jaw into its right and left portions. /^'^^^ ^^JkJ^^^ The eyes are rep- resented as slight depressions at the top of the head. Xatmal size. The head is separated from the al)dominal portion by a decided groove, and the caudal fin is well represented by the forked portion, from the centre of which the rounded termination of the whole projects. In this part there is an irregularly made hole of a size large enough to allow a strong cord to pass through for the purpose of suspen- sion. The portion of the sculpture rising in the place of a dorsal fin is in several ways a singular conception of the ancient carver. "While holding the position of a dorsal fin, it points the wrong way, if we regard the portion looking so much like a shark's tooth as intended to rep- resent the fin as a whole. It is very likely that the de- signer wished to show that the fin was not connected with the head and, as he was confined by the length of the 158 piece of stone, after making the liead so much out of pro- portion, he was forced to cut under the anterior portion of the fin in order to express the fact. If we regard it in this light, the notches on the upper edge may be con- sidered as indicating the fin rays ; but the figure best shows tlie character of the sculpture, and persons inter- ested can draw their own conclusions. The symmetry of the whole carving is well carried out, both sides being alike, with the exception that the raised portion at the posterior part of what I have called the dorsal fin is a little more marked on the left side than on the right, and the edge on the same side is surrounded by a faint, irregularly drawn line. The carving was, I think, unquestionably made by an Indian of the tribe once numerous in this vicinity and, as it was almost beyond a doubt cut by a stone tool of some kind, it must be considered as quite an ancient work of art, probably worn as a "medicine," and possibly indicated either the name of the wearer or that he was a noted fish- erman. Additions to the Library announced. (Continued from page 152.) By Donation. Osgood, Alfred, of Newburyport, Mass. History of Newburyport, by Mrs. E. Vale Smith, 1 vol. 8vo. Reports of the School Committee of Xewburyport, 1841-1871, inc. 2(i Nos. Paksox.s, C. W., of Providence, R. I. Hydrate of Chloral, by donor. Svo pamph. Patch, Chas., of Hamilton, Mans. Miscellaneous Almanacs, 54. PicitKiNS Bugs., of Sioux City, Iowa. Directory of Sioux City, 1871-2, 1 vol. Svo. Pi:i{KiN.s, Geo. A. Ttie Spirit of Missions, 8 nos. Pekuy, W. S., of Geneva, N. Y. Journal of the General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church. 1868, 1871, 2 vols. Svo. Vestry Songs, 1 vol. 12mo. Trinity Psalter, 1 vol. 12mo. Miscellaneous i)amphlots, .310. Stone, 15. W. Directory of New York City, 18(J!», 1 vol. Svo. First Annual Re- port of the Hoard of Ci)mniissioiiers of the Department of Public Parks, 1 vol. Svo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 8. Si'.MNEit, C^, of U. S. S. I.flter to the Colored Citizens, June 29. 1872, Svo i>aniph. Tknnev, RicuAUD, of Georgetown, Mass. Catalogue of the Georgetown Pea- body Library, 1 vol. Svo. The Peabody Memorial Church in Georgetown. 1 vol. Sto. 159 TowNE, Joseph H. Mass. Register and Business Directories, 1852, 1853, 1854, 1855, 1858, 5 vols. 8vo. Condition of the Banks, 1857, 1858, 18G0, 18G1. 4 vols. 8vo. N. E. Mercantile Directory, 1849, 1 vol. Svo. Comptroller's Report of tlie Cur- rency, 1807, 1 vol. 8vo. Finance Reports, lS.r2-3, 1855-G, 2 vols. 8vo. Mass. State Record, lajl, 1 vol. 12mo. Blue Book, 1 vol. limo. Mass. Registers, 1830, 1832, 1833, 1834, 1835, 18.30, 18;}7, 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, 1843, 1*44, 1845, 1846, 1847, 17 vols. ICmo. Descriptive Register of Genuine Bank Notes,] vol. 4to. Hodge's Ameri- can Bank Note, 2 vols. 4to. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 100. U. S. Patent Office, of Washington, D. C. Official Gazette, July 23, Aug. 13, 20, 27, Sept. .3, 10, 17, 2 4, 1872. WiLLSOX, E. B. Address by C. A. Bartol before the Essex Conference, Feb. 28. 1872. 8vo pamph. WiTiiALL. Elijah, of Rochester, X. Y. Annual Catalogues of the University of Rochester. 1S.")9-1872. 13 pamphlets. Yeomans, W. H., of Columbia. Conn. Mineral Resources of the U. S., 1867, 1 vol. Svo. Heport of the Conn. Board of Agriculture, 1871, 1 vol. Svo. Reports of the Committee ou the Conduct of the M^ar, 1 vol. Svo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 28. Diplomatic Correspondence, 1865, 4 vols. Svo. By Exchange. ACADfesnE iMPfcRIALE DES SCIENCES BELLES-LETTRES ET ARTS IN BORDEAUX. Actes, 3e Serie, 32e Annee, 1870. ACADEMY OF Natdral SCIENCES OF Phila., Proceedings of. Jan., Feb., Mch., Apr., 1872. American Academy of Arts ajnd Sciences of Boston. Proceedings of, pp. 137-29G of vol. viii. 1809-70. American Antiquarian Society at Worcester, Proceedings of, Apr., 1872. American Philosophical Society op Phil., Proceedings of, Jan.-June, 1872. BiBLiOTiiiSQLrE Universelle et Re\'L'e SUISSE. Archives des Sciences, Phy- siques et Xaturelles, Juin, Juillet, Aodt. Xos. 174-6, 1872. Crosse et Fischer. Journal de Conchyliologie. 3e Sferie, Tome xii. No. II, 1872. Institut niSTORiQUE IN PARIS. L'lnvcstigateur, 4e Serie, Tome x, Liv. 426, 427, 1870. KoNGLiGA Danske Videnskabernes Selskab IN KjoBENHAVN. Oversigt. 1871. Xo II. Svo pamph. KoNGLiGA Vetexskaps-Societen IN Upsal. Nova Acta. Vol. viii, Fasc. 1, 1871. 4to pamph. Bulletin M{;teorologique Mensuel, vol. i, Xos. 1-12. 1808-9. Vol. iii, Nos. 7-12, 1871. Literary and Philosophical Society of LrvERPOOL, Proceedings of the. Vol. XXV, 1870-71. 1 vol. Svo. XATrRWISSENSCHAFTLICHEN GESELLSCHAFT "ISIS" IN DRESDEN. SitZUngS- Berichtc. Jan., Feb.. Miirz, 1872. Xatuhwisschaften Vekein in Bremen. Abhandlungen, Bd. Ill, Heit 1, 1872. New Jersey IIistorical Society, Proceedings of. 2nd Series, vol. iii, Xo. 1, 1872. Peabody Institute, Peabody, Mass., Twentieth Annual Report of the Trustees of the. Svo pamph., 1872. Physikalisch-medicinische GESELLSCHAFT IN WuHZBURG. Verhandlungeu, Neue Folge, Bd. II, 4 Heft, 1872. Rhode Island Hist(jrical Society, Proceedings of. 1872. Svo pamph. SocitTi d'Acclijiation Paris. Bulletin Mensuel. 2me Serie,' Tome ix, 1872. Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5. 4 pamphlets. 160 SocifeTi; D'ANTHRorOLOGiE PARIS. Bulletins, Tome vi, He Sfcric, 2e Fascicule, 1871. 8vo pamph. Soci^Tfi Vandoizk des Sciences Natukelles of Lausaxne. Bulletin, vol. xi, Nos. 6G-6.7. 2 pamphlets, 1871-2. St. Gallische Gesellscuaft in St. Gallen. Bericht. Vereinsjahres, 1870-1. Vereins fOr Erdkunde in DARMST.VDT. Notizblatt, Heft X, iii Folge. Nos. 109-121, 1871. Vermont State Lirrary. Thirteenth and Fourteenth Registration Reports, 1869, 1870. 2 vols. 8vo. Catalogue of the Vermont State Library, Sept. 1, 1872. 1 vol. 8vo. Governor's Message of the State of Vermont, Oct., 1872. 8vo pamph. Wisconsin State Historical Society, Collections of, vol. vi, 18G9-72, 1 vol. 8vo. ZOOLOGISCHE Gesellschaft. Zoologischc Garten, xiii Jahrg., nos. 1-6. Jan.- Juli, 1872. PuiiLiSHERS. American Naturalist. Canadian Naturalist. Christian World. Francis's Catalogue. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Hardwicke's Science Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Land and Water. Law- rence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Sailors' Magazine and Sea- men's Friend. Salem Observer. Sillimau's Journal. Western Lancet. Regular Meeting, Monday, Nov. 4, 1872. Meetin": this eveuino: at 7.30 o'clock. The President ill the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. The Secretary anuounced the following correspon- dence : — From U. S. Dei)'t. of Interior, Washington, Oct. 28; Bergen, Norway, The Mu- seum at, Sept. 22; Ipswich, Lyceum, Oct. 24; New York, Cooper Union, Oct. 23; Smitlisonian Institution, Wasliington, Aug. 14; Boow, E. P., New York, Oct. 24, ;n; Chever, D. A., Denver, Col. Ter., Oct. 28; Cleaveland, N., Westport, Conn., Oct. 31 ; Ellis, George E., Boston, Oct. 2i), Nov. 2. The Librarian reported the following additions : — Bij Donation. Cooi'ER Union, of New York. Report of the Metropolitan Board of Health, 1809, 1 vol. 8vo. Nineteenth Annual Report of the Prison Association of New York, 1864, 1 vol. 8vo. Tehuantepec Kaihvay Company, ]S(;9, 1 vol. 8vo. Annual !{cport of the Board of Kducation, 18.V.), 1 vol. 8vo. Report of the Hoard of Immi- gration of till" State of Missouri, lS(;.')-66, 1 vol. 8vo. (.'omptroller Report of City of New York, 1864, 1 vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 11. 161 GiLLiS, JAJtES A. German Eucyclopiidie, 1 vol. 4to. Map,s to Gibson's Report, 1 vol. 8vo. French Statistics, 1 vol. 8vo. National Magazine and Industrial Rec- ord. 1S4."), 1846, 2 vols. 8vo. Archivo Americano, 1 vol. 4to. Spurzheim's Outlines of Phrcnologj', 1 vol. 12mo. Spanish Teacher, 1 vol. 16nio. German Phrase Book, 1 vol. r2mo. Tariff, by James Campbell, 1 vol. 8vo. Revenue Book, by A. Jones, 1 vol. Svo. Fliigel's Dictionnaire, 1 vol. 8vo. Nature Displayed, 2 vols. 8vo. Patent Office Report. 1848. 1 vol. Svo. Commerce and Navigation of the U. S.. 1830-45, 8 vols. Svo. Tobacco Statistics, 3 vols. Svo. Obituary Addresses on the Death of Hon. W. R. King, 1 vol. Svo. Tables showing the Trade of the United Kingdom with difl'orent Foreign Countries and British Possessions, 1834-41. Commercial Tariffs and Regulations, 5 pamphlets. Commercial and Financial Legislation of Europe and America, 2 vols. Svo. The Daily Union, 27 nos. Tableau General du Commerce de la Belgique, 2 vols, folio. The Southerner, 38 nos. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 179. Gkekn, S. a., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 41. KniiJALL, James. Abstract of the Seventh Census, 1 vol. Svo. I. O. of O. F., Digest of the Laws of the Order, 1 vol. 12rao. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 70. Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin. Oct. 12, 19, 1872. Patch, G. W., of JIarblehead, Mass. Manuals for the General Court, 1S63, 1864, 1S66, 3 vols. 16mo. Christian Union, GO nos. Independent, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868. Our Dumb Animals, 12 nos. The Macedonian and Home Mission Record, 37 nos. American Missionary, 46 nos. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 90. U. S. Department of the Ixterior. House Miscellaneous, 2d Sess.,4l6t Cong., 1869-70. 5 vols. Svo. 3d Sees., 41st Cong., 1870-71, 2 vols. Svo. Foreign Relations of the U. S., 3d Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-7], 1 vol. Svo. Finance Report and Report of Comptroller of the Currency, 3d Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-71, 1 vol.8vo. Report of the Department of Agriculture, 3d Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-71, 1 vol. Svo. Reports of the Committee of the House of Reps., 3d Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-71, 1 vol. Svo. Senate Documents, 3d Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-71, 1 vol. Svo. Senate Miscellaneous, 2d Sess., 41st Cong.. 1869-70, 1 vol. Svo. 3d Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-71, 1 vol. Svo. Senate Journal, 3d Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-71, 1 vol. Svo. Senate Reports, 3d Sess., 4l8t. Cong., 1870-71, 1 vol. Svo. House Journal, 3d Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-71, 1 vol. Svo. Executive Documents, 3 Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-71, 5 vols. Svo. Report of the Secretary of War, 3d Sess., 4l6t Cong., 1870-71, 2 vols. Svo. Report of the Secretary of the Navy and Postmaster General, 3d Sess., 41st Cong,, 1870-71, 1 vol. Svo. Pat- ent Office Report, 1870-71, 1 vol. Svo. Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 3d Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-71, 2 vols. Svo. U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette, Oct. 8, 1872. By Exchange. Boston Pitblic Library. Bulletin for Oct., 1872. Svo pamph. Iowa State Historical Society. The Annals of Iowa, July, 1872. Svo pamph. New England Historic-Genealogical Society. Register and Antiquarian •Journal, Oct., 1872. Vol. xxvi. No. IV, Svo pamph. New York Genealogi^'al and Biographical Society, Record of. Oct., 1873. Svo pamph. Pliu.ishers. American Journal of Science and Arts. American Naturalist. Christian World. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Historical Maga- zine. Ipswich Chronicle. La'id and Water. Lawrence American. Lynn Re- porter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Observer. Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 21 162 THE ORIGIN OF SURNAMES. A communication was read from George H. Devereux of Salem on the origin of surnames. This subject is re- ceiving considerable attention, especially since so many persons devote their time and leisure to genealogical and historical researches, and, from the records and papers on file in our various state, town, parish and other offices, have gleaned and published many facts that will tend to elucidate more fully the history of the past and delineate the character of the early pioneers and their immediate descendants in the settlement of this country. The paper was an ably prepared document and com- menced with a few brief remarks upon general language. It then proceeded to the special consideration of the names of persons and places, as now extant in the Eng- lish language. We give the following condensed synopsis of this portion. All names had, originally, a significance of their own, derived from some peculiarity of person, place or promi- nent circumstance. We have grown so familiar with them, as merely arbitrary designations, that we pay no heed to this special meaning, which no longer has, in most cases, any particular applicability ; and we talk of a man called Lion or Hare, King or Straw, without a moment's thought of the idea once conveyed when the name was primarily given. The meaning of many bibli- cal, classic, Saxon, Italian, French and other designations was then stated, as well as some of Puritanic and fanciful origin. In the earliest times no person had more thau one name, as John, Peter, Albert, etc. But in process of time it was found necessary to distinguish individuals of the s same designation, of whom there would soou be many in every neighborhood, by superadded descriptions. 163 These were what we call surnames and became, by trans- mission from father to sou, family names. The various modes in which these originated and grew up were then systematically explained. The most obvious would be from personal peculiarities. As, of two Johns in one neighborhood, one would soon become known as John the Long, and another as John the Short. Hence we get all the Shorts, Longs, Whites, Blacks, Browns, etc. Next, children came to be particularized after their parents, as John, Robert's son, or John Robertson, James, William's son, or James Williamson, and so on. Again, men got names from their occupations, as John the Smith or soon simply John Smith, Hugh the Miller or Hugh Miller. So in other languages, as the Scotch synonymes of Baxter or Baker, Thaxter or Thacher, etc. Then we find many getting titles from their residence. Noblemen, it is well known, are called from their estates. So through all ranks, as Peter of the Lane, Sam on the Hill, Jem of the Meadows, etc., and in this way grow up in time countless family appellatives, as Lanes, Hills, jNIeadows, Heaths, Dales, Downs, Forests, Brooks, Riv- ers and the like. Of this class, too, are Greenwood, Underwood, Redtield and many similar. Parts of the human body and various objects of nature, plants, animals, even minerals, have by some sino-ular association, hopeless now to trace, given special designa- tions to individuals first, and then to families. For in- stance, Head, Leg, Foote, Blood, Ash, Birch, Root, Branch, Hedge, Straw, Peach, Pear, Thorn, Berry, Rice, Millet, Hare, Fox, Badger, Bull, Partridge, Sparrow, Bird, Drake, Fish, Pollock, Herring, etc., and Stone, Jasper, Marble, Jewell and many more of similar char- acter. 164 Very many of these names arc, when we consider their actual signification, extraordinary and surprising, and we cannot but wonder how a man could ever come to i)e called a Wolf, a Hog, a Crane, a Gull, or by so curious a title as Moon, Salt, Doll, Pinchbeck and others quoted equally strange. These anomalies and eccentricities were analyzed and explained b}' references to heraldic bear- ings, jocose and familiar sobriquets or nicknames, cor- ruptions, abbreviations, etc. A great many singular and striking instances were given, and elucidated by explana- tions yet available in history, social customs and records and derivations of various sorts, from which light may yet be thrown upon these apparent vagai-ies. A large number, seemingly utterl}' incomprehensible at first sight, were traced to their incidental origins, and the curious transformations they had undergone clearly developed. A long list was also given of grotesque and unaccountable appellatives, of the origin of which no reasonable conjec- ture seems to be now possible. The nomenclature of places, towns, cities, castles, es- tates, etc., was fully investigated, and followed up through contractions and the corruptions of time to its sources in the primitive Celtic of the Britons, the Saxon, the Latin terms of the Romans and the Norman French introduced by the conquest. The frequent transfer of these to family names was also illustrated by examples. The changes effected by translation into other languages were consid- ered too, and made plain by numerous instances. The system of nomenclature of the Greeks and Romans was briefly described, and its analogies with the customs of later times noticed. It is impossible in this compendium to note even all the leading points of the essay. Of course, we cannot recapitulate here the large number of carefully collected 165 and arranged illustrations ; or follow out the theory and state the conclusions deduced, either upon general or spe- cial instances. Our narrow space is inadequate to give a competent view of a thoroughly digested and systematic analysis of such a subject. Regular Meeting, Monday, Nov. 18, 1872. Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The Peesident in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. The Secretary announced the following correspon- dence : — Bremen, Xatnrwissenschaft vcrein, Sept. 7; Brunu, Natui-forschende verein, Apr. 2; Cherbourg, .Sociiitc Xationale des Sciences Naturelles, Juillet ; Chicago Academy of Sciences, O^t. 8; Danvers, Peabody In.^titute, Nov. 7; Sacrameuto, Agassiz Institute, Nov. 1, 3; Chipman, R. M., Lisbon, Conn., Nov. 8; Foster, J. W., Chicago, Ul., Nov. 11; Levette, Gilbert M., Indianapolis, Nov. 9; Newberry, J. S., New York, Nov. 1.1; Perry, W. S., Geneva, N. Y.,Nov. 14; Pumpelly, Raphael', St. Louis, Mo., Nov. 11 ; M'hite, C. A., Iowa City. Iowa, Nov. 11; Waters, J. Linton. Chicago. 111., Nov. 9; Woods, Katie T., Salem, Oct. 24. The letters from the "Agassiz Institute," the one by Dr. Thomas M. Logan, the President, the other by the Corresponding Secretary, Rev. J. H. C. Bontu, may be especially noticed, as oflicially announcing the organiza- tion of a scientific institution under the above name in Sacramento ; and sending "its first greeting to the Essex Institute, Salem, Mass." "In framing our constitution and laws," Rev. Mr. Bonte writes, "we have used yours as our model, and we therefore address you first. Our opportunity for adding material for the study of natural history is, we think, great, and we begin with great hopes of a splendid future." 166 The Librarian reported the following additions : — By Donation. FOOTE, C. Files of several County Papers, Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., 1872. Kimball, James. Freemason'.s Monthly Magazine. 1859-08, 10 vols. Lee, John C. Commercial liuUetiu, Oct. 26, Nov. 2, 1872. Logan, Thomas M., of Sacramento, Cal. Report of tlie California State Board of Health, 1870-71, 1 vol. 8vo. Peabodt Academy of Science. Fourth Annual Report, 1871. 8vo pamph. Sibley, J. L., of Cambridge, Mass. Catalogus Universitatis Harvardiana;, 1873. 8vo iiamph. U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette, Oct. 15, 22, 29, 1872. Williams, Henry L. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 4. By Exchange. Crosse et Fischer, Paris, France. Journal de Conchyl. Tome xii. No.3, 1872. Geological Survey of Canada. Ke]iort of Progress for 1870-71. 8vo pamph. INSTITUT HiSTOUiQUE, Of Paris, France. L'lnvestigateur, Jan.-Juin, 1872. L'ACADEMIE IMPERIALE DES SCIENCES DE ST. Peteksbolrg, Bulletin of. Tome xvi, Nos. 1-G. Tome xvii, Nos. 1-3. Memoires. Tome xvii, No. 12, 1871. Tome xviii, Xos. 1-C, 1872. Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, Transactions of, 1871-72. New Series, Pt. IX. 8vo, 1872. Naturforschenden Verein in BrCnn. Verhandlungen, Bd. ix, 1870. Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, Proceedings of. Pt. IL May-Sept., 1872. 8vo pamph. Socifrrfe d'Anthropologie, Paris, France. Bulletin. Tome vi. He s^rie, 3e fascicule. Oct., Nov., 1871. 8vo i)amph. SocifiTfi Nationale DES SCIENCES Naturelles, Cherbourg, France. Memoirs. Tome xvi, 1871-72. 8vo pami)h. SocitTft ROYALE DES Antiquaires du Nord Kjobenhavn. Memoircs, Nonv. Ser., 1870-71. 2 pamphlets, 8vo. Tillaeg til Aarboger for Nordisk Old-KjTidighed og Historie, 1870, 1871. 2 pamphlets, 8vo. Publishers. Asher's Catalogue. Essex County Mercurj'. Gloucester Tele- graph. Haverhill Gazette. Historical Magazine. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. 3Iedical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Observer. The President called the attention of the Institute to a package of old papers recently presented by Mr. Eben G. Berry of Danvers. Several of the papers were read, and were interesting, showing the spirit of the times in which they were written. The following may be specified : The commission of Benjamin Berry to be Ensign of tiie third Foot company in the town of Andover in the 4th Regime^it of Militia in the County of Essex, whereof 167 Rich. Saltonstall, Esq., is Col. ; signed by Wm. Shirley, dated 2 July, 1754. Bill of sale, Mr. George Daland of Salem to Mr. Ben- jamin Berry of Andover, for a negro named "Fortune," dated Aug. 30, 1756. Warrant from Hon. PIcnry Gardner, Treasurer of Mass., to Benjamin Berry, constable or collector, dated 21 Feb., 1777, to collect the lax of 277£ 7s., assessed upon the town of Andover. A summons from the selectmen of Andover to Capt. Benjamin Berry, surveyor of highways, dated March 19, 1767, requiring him to see that each person, named in this list, work out the sum annexed to their names in the months of May or June next ensuing, on the roads here- after mentioned. Several deeds of laud, also military orders, for calling out the militia for inspection and parade. Some of the papers proved that the "treating to the drinks" on every occasion of purchasing a new saddle or article of dress, etc., was a custom of that period, and a certificate of its performance was given. Thus : — Andover, Augoust 19, 1750. This may Certify All Home It may Concern, That Mr. Benjamiue Berry Hath Paid Suffitient Beaverige For A New lied Plush Saddle and lite Colard Housen To The Full Satisfaction of The Subscribers Hereof. Henry Abbot. Henry Abbot, Jr. Andover, March the 19 day, 1756. This may Certify All Home it may Concern that Ben- jamin Berry junr Hath Paid suffitient Beaverige for A new blew sartj^e Coot with blew morehare buttens with 168 A red lining to the full satisfaction of the subscribers hereof. Benja. Berry. Mary Robinson. Mr. F. W. Putnam exhibitetl a photograph of a human skeleton found in a cave in France. This photograph, which had been sent to the Peabody Academy of Science by Mr. S. H. Scudilcr, formerly of the Boston Society of Natural History, now residing in Mentone, France, showed the skeleton, as found in the cave. Mr. Putnam, taking the photograph for his text, spoke of the great antiquity of man, as proved by the finding of human bones and the works of man in various caves in Europe ^ and in the river drift of various places. The Adjournment of the Quarterly Meeting from Wednesday the 13th inst., was then held. Daniel B. Hagar was unanimously elected Vice Presi- dent of the t)epartment of the Fine Arts, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of George Peabody. Arthur S. Rogers of Salem, Solomon Varncy of Salem and John Todd Moulton of Lynn, were elected resident members. Voled, That the regular meetings in December be held on the 2d and 4th Monday evenings in lion of the 1st and 3rd. BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX: IISrSTITTJTE. Vol. 4. Salem, Mass., December, 1872. No. 12. One Dollar a Tear ia Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. EegullA.r Meeting, Monday, December 9, 1872. Meeting this evening at 7 30 o'clock. The President in the chair. Eecords of preceding meeting read. The evening Avas occupied by the reading of a commu- nication, by Mr. John Robinson, on FERNERIES, HOW TO M^VKE THEM, AND WHAT TO PUT IN THEM. Fern cases, or ferneries, as most of us call them, were originally called Wardian cases, in honor of their inven- tor, Dr. B. N. Ward of London, who published a book upon the subject in 1842. These cases are only a modi- fication of the handglass always used to force or protect plants in the greenhouse or open air ; yet the placing of this in a practical way renders it easy to import the plants of foreign tropical countries, which otherwise could never be seen here in a living state, besides enabling us to grow at home as beautiful ferns and other delicate, moisture- loving plants as are seen in the hot-house or conservatory. The fern case, as it comes from the cabinet-maker's, is Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 22 170 a handsome piece of furniture, but an expensive one ; so expensive, perhaps, as to deter many from possessing a fernery. This need not be, for at home a case can be made just as serviceable, and having some advantages even over the expensive ones. Procure from your carpenter a good pine board, of the dimensions you may wish, for the base of your structure, which by the way should be about one-third longer than wide. Next obtain a suitable moulding, black walnut is the best, and lit it around the base board as if it was a picture frame on end. Next have a zinc pan made to fit closely inside of this, coming up to the top of the mould- ing ; do not have any turned over edge or ring to the pan, as they are of no use, neither should the pan be made first, as it is difficult to make a neat box to fit outside it. Have the pan painted ou the inside with a good coat of tar, as the delicate roots of the plants dislike to come in contact with a metal surface. Next comes the glass, and here is where most persons fail. Be sure the glass is inside the pan, and never have the pan inside the glass, for the moisture collecting on the glass runs down outside the pan to the woodwork, rotting it, and very likely between the moulding and base board on to the table or what else the case rests on, causing much trouble; also, in watering, the glass directs the water in like manner, with the same, if not worse, results. A good proportion for the glass is to have it as high above the base as the case is wide, and it should go to the bottom of the pan ; have the corners true and the top level, that the plate of glass which covers the top, and which should be one-fourth of an inch larger nil around, shall be even. With common Hour paste attach narrow strips of cloth up over the corner angles on the outside and but bu]y an inch or so down the inside from the top. 171 When dry. paste some dark paper over it, so as to cover the cloth, also around the top plate of glass to prevent the edge from cutting your hands ; no cloth is necessary for this. Fill and oil the black Avalnut raouldins:, and the case is complete. A still more simple one is to tar the inside and paint the outside of a shallow pine box, and place the glass directly inside it. If you intend purchasing a hand- some case, it will be better to have one made to order, as all the ready made ones usually oiiered for sale have the case poorly and incorrectly constructed in more ways than one ; nearly all have tlat tops, to be avoided where there is woodwork (the home made case having no woodwork at the top, it is not a disadvantage). One advantage possessed by the expensive case is that the whole top takes oflf, enabling you to work all around and not entirely from overhead. Here you may construct ruins, grottos, arches, etc., Avith pumice and cement; pumice is so light that it adds but little weight to the case, and the cement will bind the whole together as firmly as one rock, all at a very slight expense, at the same time adding much to the beauty of the interior. Very neat circular cases are for sale at the stores, and can be filled so as to be very attractive ; they can also be used as fern nurseries. To do this, make the earth damp and firm on toj^, havino" first placed a few small pieces of broken flower pots in the upper soil. Take a leaf of some fern, or several dif- ferent species of ferns, if you desire, that have the fruit quite ripe ; this can be discovered by shaking over white, paper, when, if ripe, a brown powder will come ofl'; these are the spores or seeds. Dust these over the pre- pared earth, replace the glass, and leave the case in a warm shady corner. In a i'ew weeks, if not permitted to become dr}^ a green scum will appear, which in time 172 will transform itself into the most beautiful little ferns, that may be separated, potted, or transferred to other cases. Now to fill the case. First make, if the pan be three inches deep, about one inch in depth of drainage, peb- bles, charcoal, broken bricks, or, better still, broken flower pots ; over this a thin layer of moss or coarse fibrous stufi" of some sort to prevent the earth washing into the drainage and choking it. Some cases have holes in the bottom and glass receptacles for superfluous water ; but if care be used in watering, this will be entirely un- necessary. For soil suitable to grow most plants likely to be in the fernery, a mixture of one part sand, one part peat, two parts light pasture loam (leaf mould may be used for peat), will do well. The earth should be heaped up a little in the centre, or if the case is large two or three little elevations may be made ; upon these place the larger ferns or plants, w^ith the others distributed around them. A log of wood covered with moss and small ferns is a very pretty centre piece, and to cover the ground the little running Selagiuella, common in all greenhouses, answers better than almost anything else, except our own native mosses, which must be treated with care, or else they mould or dry up. Ferneries may be divided, if you like, into two classes, dormant and active. By dormant I mean such as con- tain plants which lie at rest during the winter mouths, chiefly our natives and others like them in habit that have been introduced. These it is well to arrange separately, as they require less heat than the species growing all the year round, chiefly from the tropics, which form the active fernery. The dormant fernery can be made very inter- esting, the plants in it keeping about the same all the winter, but growing towards spring ; and as many like 173 the pleasure of filling their case every fall, this is as good a way as any to do, as it is a pretty ornament for winter, and in summer need not be cared for. Of the two thou- sand exotic species known to exist, but three hundred probably can be purchased in this country, and of these comparatively few are suitable to grow in the case. Most of the smaller growing species for sale hereabouts Avill do, particularly those of Pteris, Doodia, and Adian- tum (maiden hair ferns). Gold and silver ferns require care, as the yellow and white farina washes off in water- ing. Besides ferns. Begonias, Dracoanas and Marantas do well for the centre of a case, aud many others can be tried ; even if they do not succeed there is a pleasure in experimenting. In New England there are about the same number of ferns as in Old England, forty-five or six. About Salem, say within ten miles' radius, there are sixteen genera, twenty-nine species ; of these, few are suited to the fern- ery. The larger ones grow well in the garden, on the northerly side of a fence or building. Of the smaller ones, the ebony spleenwort, two or three of the Aspi- diums or shield ferns, the Asplenium Trichomanes, do well ; the climbing fern will look pretty for a while and some of the ferns which lose their foliage at the frost, will, if their roots be planted just under the moss, grow toward spring, such as the beech ferns, hay scented ferns. New York ferns aud others. The moonwort, and common poly- pody which grows every where, should never be left out, and the harts tongue, and walking ferns, are valuable accessions if they can be had. This comprises about all the native ferns of use that can be collected here, but there are many little plants to associate with them which add much to the beauty of the case. The partridge berry {Mitchella repens) can be gathered in bunches, regardless 174 of roots, tucked iu the moss and earth, wliere it will grow, bloom, and often fruit. The rattlesnake plantain (incorrectly called adder's tongne), the Hepatica, gold thread, Linnea, all do well, and club mosses, wintergreen, checkerberry, all add to the effect. The larger foreign and native ferns may be grown in an open fernery, Avhich should be in a room with as moist air as possible. Do not drown your plants. Persons frequently ask, "How often shall I water my plants?" It is impossible to answer, except to say "whenever they are dry ;" with the same amount of water per day, in a cool room the earth in a flow^er pot would be mud, while in a hot room it would be powder in a few hours. To avoid pests, mould, etc., sprinkle the ferns occasionally and give air an hour or more every day. Wiping off the moisture from the glass will take away many impurities. Cases sprinkled often seldom require watering, and it is sur- prising how long life will last on a small supply of water. I once planted in the bottom of an olive bottle a fern and some moss, corked it, and sealed the top over with seal- ing wax, placed it upon a light shelf, and left it; the fern flourished about a year, and weeds which sprang up lived six months longer; life lasted eighteen months in all, without the addition of a single drop of water. Do not place the fernery at the southern window, in the full glare of the sun ; an eastern or western one is better ; turn it around every week that the plants may grow evenly. The case may be filled in August, to be estab- lished by winter. Some fill them as early as June, others not till October, hut August is the best for the tropical fernery ; the natives need not be attended to till Septem- ber, if you like. Not only may ferns be grown in cases but some species are ver}' beautiful as basket or pot plants. 175 A cocoanut may be formed into a very neat basket by saning off the top and burning holes half an inch across all over the shell with two small ones at the top opposite each other for the wire to suspend it by ; if in this a fern is planted which has running roots with leaf buds, the eifect is in time to cover the whole shell with the beautiful foli- age, as these little roots find their way to every hole before long. For this, Adiantum setulosum and A. iEthio- pium are the best. Baskets to hang in the top of a fern case may be made of thin pliable bark, wired together. Wire baskets lined with moss and filled with earth are line tor ferns with stems which run on top of the soil, such as most of the Davallias, Polypodium aureum a native of Florida, and others. The hare's foot fern is one such, throwing out woolly feet in advance of the leaves. A log hollowed out on one end is most suitable to grow the stag horn ferns upon ; they will in time form huge crowns ou the top of the log, while little creeping species may be grown successfullj' on the side at the same time if wired on with a little moss and earth. Hollow stone ware pil- lows are made with pockets in the sides, the centre filled with earth, ferns planted in the pockets, and the whole covered with a bell s^lass. Wire netting can be formed into a tube filled with coarse earth, and ferns inclined to climl) by rooting stems, as the ivy does, can be made to cover it with foliage. In fact, there is no end to the vari- ety of design that can be introduced into the fernery whether it be a simple bell glass or a structure one hun- dred feet long by forty wide and high. Of this latter class of ferneries most beautiful ones are described in foreign books, where sometimes the side walls are of turf covered with the creeping Lycopods and ferns, while little brooks, mimic waterfalls and ponds add both to the beauty of the place and to the air, the moisture necessary for the 176 health of the plants. This is called the natural cultiva- tion of ferns, and approaches as near as possible to their natural habitat. It is to be hoj^ed that such will soon be established by our wealthy amateurs on this side of the water, as it is much more instructive than the ordinary way of growing these plants, and that there will be a steady increase in the already growing interest in ferns and ferneries. The evening was made more enjoyable and the remarks much more interesting and clear by the exhibition of ferneries and plants upon the platform illustrating the subject. They were chiefly as follows : A large black- walnut fern-case (cabinet-maker's pattern) containing stone grotto and choice tropical ferns, SelaginelUis, Bego- nia rex, etc. ; a square home-made case (large) con- taining native plants entirely ; circular fernery (large) containing tropical plants ; log with a fine specimen of Platycerium alcicorne, stag horn fern growing upon the top, other ferns and mosses on the sides ; wire basket with Davallia ; cocoanut shells with maiden-hairs ; bell glass with Adiantum Capillus- Veneris or English maiden- hair, also other ferns in pots, cut fronds, etc. Ferns suitable for ferneries which can be purchased at the greenhouses at fifty cents or less : — Pteris serulata, " argyrea, " longifolia, " tremula, " cretic-a, var. albo-lincata, Pella3a rotuiutifolia, " liastata, Gymnogramiiie sulphurca, " calomelanos, Doodftt caudata, Asplenium Mexicaiuim, Onychiuin Jaiionicmn, Adiantum Capillus- Veneris, " affine, " ^'ICtluoiiicum, '• cunoatuiu, " fulvum, '' liispidulum, Aspidium raollo, Selagiuella Martensii, " ilensa, " Biaunii, '' Kniut^siana, " unrinata. 177 The Secretary annouiicccl the following correspon- dence : — From E. A. Andrews, Lancaster, Fairfleld Co., Ohio, Nov. 22; John CoUett, Inlianaiiolis, Ind., Nov. 18; C. W. Jenks, Philadelphia, Penn., Nov. 23; John Todd Moulton, Lynn, Nov. 2.5; G. C. Swallow, Columbia, Boone Co., Mo., Nov. 20; Henry White, New Haven, Conn., Nov. 29; A. Winchell, Ann Arbor, Nov. 2,5; Berwick.shire, Naturalists' Field Club, Aug. 26; Bogota, La .Souldad de Naturalinta Columbiano; Brooklyn, N. Y., Mercantile Library Association, Nov. 21; Danvers, Peabody Institute, Dec. 2; Lund, Die Carolinische Universitate, Aug. 1; Wiirz- burg. Die Physicalische Medicinische Ge.sellschaft, Aug. 28. The Librarian reported the following additions : — By Donation. Agassiz Institute, of Sacramento, Cal. Constitution and By-laws of. 8vo pamph, 1872. Clogston", Wm., of Springfield, Mass. Oswego County Directory, 1866-7, 1 vol. 8vo. Utica City Directoiy, 1858-9, 1 vol. 12rao. Bangor Directory, 1867-8, 1 vol. 12mo. Brattleboro Directory, 1871-2, 1 vol. 8vo. Ontario County Directory, 1870, 1 vol. 12mo. Director}' of Cities and Villages on the line of the Boston & Albany Railway, 18()9-70, 1 vol. Svo. Erie Busines.s Directory, 1867-8, 1 vol. 8vo. Directory of Bingliamton, Elmira, Ithaca and Oswego, 18G4-5, 1 vol. 12nio. Janesville Direc- tory, 1859-GO, 1 vol. 12mo. American Advertising Directory, 1831, 1 vol. 12mo. Farmer, Moses G. Patent Office Reports, 22 vols. Svo. Department of Agricul- ture, 4 vols. 8vo. Finance Report, 1870, 1 vol. 8vo. Commercial Digest, 1 vol. 8vo. Compendium of U. S. Census, 1850, 1 vol. Svo. Cyclopa;dia of Commerce, 1 vol. 8vo. The Practical Model. 7 nos. Journal of the Telegraph. 72 nos. Engineer- ing. 32 nos. Journal of Chemistry. 24 nos. Salem Directories for 1851,1853, 1855, ia57, 1&59, 18(U, 0 vols. 12mo; 1866, 1869, 2 vols. Svo. Congi-essional Globe 1855-6, 2 vols. 4to. Scientific American, 4 vols, folio. Miscellaneous pamphlets. 65. Sci- entific American. 610 nos. Greek, S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets. 20. Lee, John' C. Commercial Bulletin, Nov. 9, 16, 1872. Middlesex Mechanics' Association, Lowell, Mass. By-laws etc., of the Li- brary and Reading Room, Svo pamph. 1872. U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette for Nov. 5, 12, 1872. By Exchange. Arciiiv der Axtiiropologie in BRAUXCirwEiG. Band v, Heft III, 1872. 4to pamph. BerwicivShire Naturalists' Club. Proceedings of, 1871-2, Svo pamph. Geological and Polytechnic Society of the West Riding of Yorkshire. Proceedings of. New Series Pt. 1, pp. 1-56, 1871-2. Svo pamph. Kongliga Universitets Lund Swedkn. Lund Universitets Biblioteks Acces- sions Katalog, 1869, 1870, 1871. 3 pamphlets r2mo. Acta Universitatis Lundensis, 1868, 1869, 1870. 7 pamphlets 4to. Naturiustorischen Gesellschaft zv Hannover. Einundzwanzigater gah- resbericht, 1870, 1871. Svo pamph. Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 23 178 NATUUIIISTORISCHEX VkUEIX DER PREUSSISCllEN" RllEIXLANDE ITXD WESTPIIA- LENS IN BoxN. Verhandlungen, xxviii, xxix. Yahvj?- 1871, 1S72. 2 i)amplilcts 8vo. NATURWisSENSCHAFrLiCHEX Vereixe zu J3REMEX. AbhaiuUuuyen Band iii. Heft II, 1872. 870 paniph. Philosoi'iiical xsii Literary Society. Annual Report for 1871-2. Svo panipli. Physikaeisch-medicixische Gesellsc'haft IX WuR/HURG. Veihaudlungen, NeueFolge. Bd. iii. Heft 1, 2, 1872. SocitTE D'ACCLIMATATION, Paris. Bulletin Mensuel. Tome ix, Xos. G, 7, 1872. 2 pamphlets, 8vo. Vermoxt State Lihrary. Vermont Legislature Directory, 187-2-3, 1 vol. 12mo. Montpelier, 1872. PcREisiiERS. American Journal of Science and Arts. American Naturalist. Christian NYorld. City Post. Gloucester Telegrapli. Haverhill Gazette. Histor- ical Magazine. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn Beporter. Lynn Ti'unscript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's Friend. Western Lancet. The Superintendent of Museum reported the foUow- From Farmer, Moses G. Portrait of Bishop Griswold. Lamson, F. Paper-weight, formerly belonging to (Jharles Dickens, bought in London by donor. Marsh, Miss Mary. A Loom, used in the farmer's family in the last century. Porter, Miss M. A. View of Northey's Block, built in 1872. Stijipsox, James C. Relics from tlie Bjston Fire, November, 1872. Regular Meeting, Monday, December 23, 1872, Meetinof this eveiilii2: iit 7 30 o'clock. The President in tlie chair, llecorcls of preceding- iiieetiiig read. The Secretary' aiiiioiiiiced the following correspon- dence : — From T. C. Amory, Boston, Dec. 10; Jacob Batclioldcr. Lynn, Doc. ."). IS; P. A. Hunaford, New Haven, Dec. 12; Cliarles V. Hanson, Peabody, Deo. l.i; Alfred O.-good, Newl)uryport, Dec. 1.'!; Proctor Bros., Gloucester, Dec; ISulValo lli.'-tor- ical Soiiiety, Dec. It); Peabody Institute. Danvors, Dec. 11; New Jersey Historical Society, Dec. 21. 179 The Librarian reported the foHowing additions : — Ihj Donation. Amouy, Thomas C. Our English Ancestors, 8vo pamph. A Home of the Olilcn Time, 8vo pamph. BOARDMAX, S. L., of Augusta, Me. Agriculture of Maiuc, 1871, 1 vol. 8vo. AVater Power of Maine, 1 vol. 8vo, 1809. Report of the Commissioners on "Paper Credits," 1870, 1 vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 7. C'HAr.MAN, G. U. Annual Report of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions for 1872. 8vo pamph. Sermon by Dr. Bartlett at the Annual Meeting in Xew Haven, Ct., Oct. 1, 187-2. 8vo pamph. Gkeex, S. a., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, .5. Hammond, J. Memoirs of Russia from 1727 to 1744. 1 vol. 4to. London, 1773. T^Ki:, John C. Commercial Bulletin, Dec. 7, 1872. Peiuso.v, Geo. II. Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of the Most Ancient and Honorable Fraternity of Free and Accepted IMasons of Mass., Mch. 8-Dec. 27, 1871. 1 vol. 8vo. Stone, Joseph W. Salem Directories for 1842, 18.00, 1853, 3 vols. 12mo. U. S. Patent Ofiice, Wa.=hington, D. C. Official Gazette, Nov. 20, Dec. 3, 1872. White, Capt. A. H., of Boston, The White and Haskell Family, compiled by P. Derby, 1 vol. 8vo. 1872. By Exchange. Somersetshire Arch^ological and Natural History Societt of Taun- ton, Proceedings of, for 1871. 12mo pamph. Publishers. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegi-aph. Hardwicke's Sci. ence Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Sui-gical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. The President read a communication from Eev. P. A. Ilanaford of New Haven containing a memoir of jNliss Qiiincr of Beverly. Referred to the committee on publi- cations. The President read a communication from Nehemiah Cleavcland, Esq., containing a sketch of the life of his grandfather, Rev. John Cleaveland, of that part of Ips- wich known as Chebacco, now the town of Essex, with the letters and journals copied and condensed of the campaign of 1758, having received the appointment of chaplain to one of the regiments from Gov. Pownall. 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